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• How did WAR affect CAUSES AND CURES in the MEDIEVAL period?

  The crusades brought back Islamic ideas to Europe, such as Avicenna's "Canon of Medicine", which became a standard medical textbook
• How did WAR affect CAUSES AND CURES in the RENAISSANCE period?


  War did not affect the causes and cures of medicine in the renaissance
• How did WAR affect medicine overall?

  War could help drive medical knowledge forward as it gave opportunities to test new ideas and practice skills. The need to keep troops healthy could also motivate people to make new discoveries and to tackle public health issues. It could also encourage competition. However, it could disrupt learning and medical progress and cause ideas not to be shared or taken note of.
• How did WAR affect CAUSES AND CURES in the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

  Rivalry betwen Pasteur (French) and Koch (German) increased after France lost the Franco-Prussian war of 1871. Defending diseases was now seen as having a big impact on the battlefield, and so there was competition to develop new cures.
• How did WAR affect CAUSES AND CURES in MODERN SCIENCE?

  WWI inspired Fleming to develop a better way to treat infected wounds. He stumbled upon Penicillin. Florey and Chain took up the challenge of mass-producing it, using the outbreak of WWII to gain funding first from the British government and then, in 1941, from the American government. An estimated 15% of wounded British and American soldiers would have died without it. More antibiotics have followed penicillin's success.
• How did CHANCE affect medicine overall?

  Chance could influence medicine because it enabled leaps to be made in the understanding of illnesses, cures, techniques and tools.
• How did CHANCE affect CAUSES AND CURES in the MEDIEVAL period?

  Chance did not play a role in the developments of causes and cures in Medieval medicine.
• How did CHANCE affect CAUSES AND CURES in the RENAISSANCE period?

  Pare ran out of oil for cauterisation on a French battlefield in 1536. He had to use a mixture including eggs, rose oil and turpentine, which proved far more effective than boiling oil.
• How did CHANCE affect CAUSES AND CURES in the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

  Jenner heard stories about milkmaids who caught cowpox and then seemed to be protected against smallpox. This convinced him to conduct experiments to test this, leading to the development of his vaccination.
• How did CHANCE affect CAUSES AND CURES in MODERN MEDICINE?

  In 1880, Charles Chamberland (Pasteur's assistant) injected chickens with a weakened strain of chicken cholera by mistake. He thus discovered by chance that the weakened culture had made the chickens immune.
• How did SUPERSTITION AND RELIGION affect CAUSES AND CURES overall?

  Religion and superstition could both help and hinder medicine. Many religions inclued a requirement to care for the sick, and the idea of doing good works in order to get into heaven was a feature of Christianity which helped drive improvements in public health. However, conflict between religions could lead to ideas from opposing religions being ignored. Organised religion could also hold back medical progress by refusing to accept new ideas or allow the experimentation needed to develop them.
• How did SUPERSTITION AND RELIGION affect CAUSES AND CURES in the MEDIEVAL period?

  For the medieval church, prayers were the most important treatment for the sick. The church also encouraged the belief in miraculous healing. There were many shrines with relics (such as bones or the blood of a holy person) that people could pilgrimage to for cures. There was a strong belief that illness came from God.
• How did SUPERSTITION AND RELIGION affect CAUSES AND CURES in the RENAISSANCE period?

  During the Great Plague in 1665, people still didn't understand the causes of disease. Those houses with plague victims were quarantined and had a red cross painted on the door with the words 'Lord have mercy on us'. The bodies of the dead were too many for the cemeteries, so plague pits were dug to place them in.
• How did SUPERSTITION AND RELIGION affect CAUSES AND CURES in the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

  As religion began to lose its influence through Britain, it became more common to question accepted beliefs and to conduct original research.
• How did SUPERSTITION AND RELIGION affect CAUSES AND CURES in MODERN MEDICINE?

  In the modern period, there have been religious objections to a number of new medical discoveries, including gene therapy, cloning, and transplants. Jehovah's witnesses reject blood transfusions. There have also been arguments over issues such as euthanasia and abortion.
• How did GOVERNMENT affect CAUSES AND CURES overall?

  Governments can have an impact as they typically have the finances and organisation necessary to make change happen. They can also hinder progress, though, particularly when the government is influenced by a religion that does not support development or if the government is conscious of the high cost of implementing change.
• How did GOVERNMENT affect CAUSES AND CURES in the MEDIEVAL time?

  Government sponsorship of 'voyages of discovery', ad then colonisation, from the 1400s brought new discoveries in the form of many new foods and medicines. Many wrongly belived that tobacco had curative properties
• How did GOVERNMENT affect CAUSES AND CURES in the RENAISSANCE period?

  Competition between rulers and countries during the Renaissance provided patrons for people who would develop theories to challenge the ideas of Galen- like Da Vinci
• How did GOVERNMENT affect CAUSES AND CURES in the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

  The death of Prince Albert from typhoid raised public awareness of the issue and helped lead to the acceptance of germ theory in Britain
• How did GOVERNMENT affect CAUSES AND CURES in MODERN MEDICINE?

  The French and German governments helped Pasteur and Koch. From the 1860s to the 1880s tremendous progress was made in the development of vaccinations, including chicken cholera, rabies and anthrax
• How did COMMUNICATION affect CAUSES AND CURES overall?

  From the invention of teh printing press onwards, most discoveries and developments were published and so could be used and improved by other doctors
• How did COMMUNICATION affect CAUSES AND CURES in the MEDIEVAL period?

  Before the printing press, books were handwritten by monks. This gave the Church control over what was produced. The church approved of Galen, so his books were reproduced. Books were available, but they were expensive.
• How did COMMUNICATION affect CAUSES AND CURES in the RENAISSANCE?

  The invention of the printing press came at a time when scholars were looking back to the classical world for ideas, and so old books that were previously lost to the West started to be rediscovered, especially with the fall of Constantinpole in 1453. There was a flood of refugees from Constantinople, and many scholars found sanctuary in the various Italian cities and states. These brought with them knowledge of ancient medicine, which could then be translated.