Respiratory

• What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  Gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
• How does the respiratory system bring air to the exchange surface?

  Through respiratory passageways
• What is one function of the respiratory system besides gas exchange?

  Protection of the respiratory surfaces
• What is phonation in the context of the respiratory system?

  Sound production
• What role does olfaction play in the respiratory system?

  It is responsible for the sense of smell
• What are the two main parts of the respiratory system?

  • Upper respiratory system
  • Lower respiratory system
• What are the two portions of the respiratory tract?

  • Conducting portion: humidified, warmed, filtered air
  • Respiratory portion: gaseous exchange
• What structures are included in the upper respiratory system?

  Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

  
• Where does the trachea begin and end?

  Begins at cricoid cartilage, ends at carina

  
• At which vertebral level does the trachea divide?

  At T4
• What is the function of the bronchoscope?

  To visualize the bronchial tubes
• What are the functions of the thorax?

  • Respiration/breathing
  • Protection
  • Musculoskeletal support
• How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

  12 thoracic vertebrae
• What is the shape of the body of a thoracic vertebra?

  Heart-shaped
• What are the components of the sternum?

  Manubrium, body, xiphisternum
• What are the types of intercostal muscles?

  • External intercostals
  • Internal intercostals
  • Innermost intercostals
• What does the neurovascular bundle in the costal groove contain?

  Intercostal vessels and nerves
• What nerve supplies the diaphragm?

  Phrenic nerve
• What is the function of the pleura?

  To allow lungs to glide smoothly
• What are the two layers of pleura?

  Parietal pleura and visceral pleura
• What is the significance of the potential pleural cavity?

  Contains fluid to eliminate friction
• Where do the lungs sit?

  In the pleural cavity
• What is the shape of the lungs?

  Spongy, cone-shaped organs
• How many lobes does the right lung have?

  Three lobes

  
• How many lobes does the left lung have?

  Two lobes
• What are the fissures in the lungs?

  • Oblique fissure: present in both lungs
  • Horizontal fissure: present in right lung only
• What is the importance of bronchopulmonary segments?

  No overlapping supply of blood or airways

  
• What do bronchi further divide into?

  Bronchioles
• What is the function of alveoli?

  Gas exchange
• What are the two sets of blood vessels in the lungs?


  • Pulmonary vessels
  • Bronchial vessels

  
• What do pulmonary arteries supply?

  Alveoli with deoxygenated blood
• How many pulmonary veins exit each lung?

  Two pulmonary veins
• What is the role of bronchial arteries?

  Supply bronchial tree and visceral pleura

  
• What is the nerve supply to the respiratory system?

  • Autonomic (sympathetic & parasympathetic)
  • Vagus nerve for bronchoconstriction
  • Sympathetic trunk for bronchodilation
• What does Boyle's Law state?

  P = 1/V, inversely proportional
• What happens during inspiration?

  • Diaphragm contracts
  • External intercostals elevate ribcage
  • Volume increases
• What happens during expiration?

  • Diaphragm relaxes
  • Internal intercostals contract
  • Volume decreases
• What is pleural effusion?

  Fluid in the pleural space
• What is pneumothorax?

  Air in the pleural space
• What is lung cancer?

  A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in lungs