protein function

• What are the two main shapes of proteins?

  Globular and fibrillar
• Why is the shape of a protein essential?

  It is crucial for their function
• How do proteins perform tasks?

  By combining movement and chemical activity
• What is the main function of enzymes?

  Speed up chemical reactions
• What does DNA Polymerase do?

  Helps copy DNA
• What is the function of Hexokinase?

  Breaks down glucose for energy
• What role do hormones play in the body?

  Send signals between cells
• What is the function of insulin?

  Helps cells absorb sugar from blood
• What do transport proteins do?

  Move molecules within the body
• What is the function of Hemoglobin?

  Carries oxygen in red blood cells
• What do immune proteins do?

  Defend the body
• What are antibodies?

  Bind to bacteria/viruses for destruction
• What is the role of receptors and ion channels?

  Allow signals and ions to pass through membranes
• What do ion channels allow to pass into cells?

  Ions like calcium
• What do motor proteins do?

  Generate movement
• What is an example of a motor protein?

  Kinesin
• What do structural proteins provide?

  Support and shape
• What is collagen?

  A structural protein forming skin and bones
• What is elastin's function?

  Provides elasticity to tissues
• What is ligand binding?

  A molecule that binds to a protein
• What can ligand binding do to a protein's function?

  Start or stop its function
• What is a conformational change?

  A change in a protein's shape
• How does hexokinase function with glucose?

  Binds glucose and ATP to initiate a reaction
• How does hemoglobin function with oxygen?

  Binds oxygen and changes shape for transport
• What do GTP-binding proteins act as?

  ON/OFF switches for proteins
• What happens when GTP-binding proteins are stuck "ON"?

  It can lead to diseases like cancer
• What happens when ligands bind to receptors?

  They cause the receptor to change shape
• How does kinesin generate movement?

  Uses energy (ATP) to walk along tracks
• Why do proteins need to be tightly controlled?

  To ensure cells function correctly
• How do pH levels affect enzyme activity?

  Changes in pH can alter enzyme function
• What is phosphorylation?

  Adding a chemical group to turn proteins ON/OFF
• How can proteins be localized in a cell?

  Moved to where they are needed
• What do fluorescent proteins like GFP do?

  Help track protein movement
• How do proteins interact with each other?

  To perform tasks together
• What happens when insulin binds to its receptor?

  Starts events allowing glucose into cells
• What can protein dysfunction cause?

  Diseases like sickle-cell disease
• What mutation causes Sickle-Cell Disease?

  Mutation in hemoglobin causing clumping
• What are symptoms of Sickle-Cell Disease?

  Pain, anemia, swelling, stroke
• What mutations cause cancer?

  Mutations in proteins like BRAF
• What does Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) disrupt?

  Kidney development and calcium signaling