ions

• ions are made when...

  electrons are transferred
• ions


  positively and negatively charged atoms (they can be single atoms or a group of atoms)
• ionic bonds are formed between...

  metal and non-metal atoms
• why do atoms lose/gain electrons?

  to have their outermost energy level filled and become stable
• what happens when metals form ions?

  they lose electrons from their outer shell to form positive ions
• what happens when non-metals form ions?

  they gain electrons into their outer shell to form negative ions
• the number of electrons lost or gained is the same as the ... on the ion

  charge
• ionic bonding


  the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions when when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom
• electrostatic forces of attraction

  - strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged particles that are electrically charged

  - in ionic bonding this is between a positively charged metal ion and a negatively charged non-metal ion
• intermolecular forces


  forces of attraction between molecules
• ionic bonding diagram

  
• what groups are most likely to form ions?

  1, 2, 6, 7
• group 1 and 2 elements are ... and they ... electrons to form ... ions

  metals, lose, positive
• group 6 and 7 elements are ...and they ... electrons to form ... ions

  non-metals, lose, positive
• cations


  ions with a positive charge
• anions


  ions with a negative charge
• group 1 elements form...

  1+ ions
• group 2 elements form...

  2+ ions
• group 6 elements form...

  2- ions
• group 7 elements form...

  1- ions
• ionic compounds have a...

  regular lattice structure
• regular lattice structure


  a 3D structure of oppositely charged ions, bonded together by strong ionic bonds
• giant ionic lattice diagram

  (one is +ive, one is -ive)

  
• ionic compound properties


  - high melting/boiling point

  - hard and brittle

  - good insulators when solid

  - cannot conduct electricity when solid

  - can conduct electricity when liquid

  - some easily dissolve in water
• why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

  because they have many strong bonds between the ions, it takes a lot of energy to overcome these bonds
• why do ionic compounds not conduct electricity when solid?

  the ions are held in place so they cannot carry charge
• why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when melted or dissolved?

  because the ions are free to move and will carry charge
• ionic and covalent bonding difference

  in ionic bonding, one atom donates electrons to the other. in covalent bonding, the two atoms share electrons