Week 2 muscle injuries

• What is the primary focus of the study material?

  Muscle injury
• What is the plasma membrane of each muscle fibre called?

  Sarcolemma
• Why is the sarcolemma described as extremely thin?

  To facilitate muscle fibre function
• What is another name for a muscle cell?

  Myocyte
• Why do muscle fibres have multiple nuclei?

  To support constant rebuilding
• What are the longest cells in the body?

  Muscle cells
• What is the function of the Golgi Tendon Organ?

  Protects against excessive muscle tension

  
• What type of reflex is the alpha motoneuron?

  Inhibited reflex
• How are thigh contusions classified?

  • Mild
  • Moderate
  • Severe
• What happens to haemoglobin pigment after a bruise?

  It converts to biliverdin, bilirubin, and hemosiderin
• What color progression occurs in the bruise healing process?

  Green -> yellow -> golden brown
• What do MRI scans help diagnose?

  Muscle injuries
• What grade is a minor injury to the long head of biceps femoris?

  Grade 1b
• What grade is a severe injury to the long head of biceps femoris?

  Grade 3c
• What theories are associated with delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?

  Connective tissue/muscle damage and inflammation theories
• What was the focus of Cheung et al. (2003) study?

  Muscle soreness after downhill running
• How many healthy males participated in the Cheung et al. study?

  Eleven
• What percentage of all injuries in football are thigh strains?

  17%
• How many thigh strains can a typical 25-player squad expect each season?

  10 thigh strains
• What percentage of injuries in men's professional football are muscle injuries?

  One third
• How many muscle injuries can an elite level team expect each season?

  About 15 muscle injuries
• What is the average time missed for each muscle injury?

  Approximately 2 weeks
• When do muscle injuries tend to occur more frequently?

  Toward the end of each half
• What is the aim of the UEFA Champions League injury survey?

  To reduce injuries with economic impact
• Who leads the UEFA Champions League injury study?

  Prof Jan Ekstrand
• How many clubs participate in the UEFA Champions League injury study?

  25 clubs
• What type of data is collected daily by medical staff in the UEFA study?

  Injury data and football activity exposure
• What feedback is provided to clubs in the UEFA study?

  Injury profile feedback for prevention
• What services does Aspetar provide?

  Sports medicine and rehabilitation
• What is the most likely muscle to be injured in hamstring strains?

  Long head of biceps femoris
• How is injury risk affected by fascicle length?

  Reduced by 21% for each 1 cm increase
• What are the phases of muscle healing?

  1. Bleeding Phase
  2. Inflammation Phase

  • Vasodilation
  • Cellular response

  1. Proliferation Phase

  • Angiogenesis
  • Fibroplasia and granulation tissue

  1. Remodelling Phase

  
• What occurs during the vasodilation phase of inflammation?

  Histamine and prostaglandins cause vasodilation
• What is the role of phagocytes in the cellular response phase?

  They perform phagocytosis

  
• What types of phagocytes are mentioned?

  Neutrophils and monocytes
• What do monocytes develop into?

  Larger macrophages
• What is angiogenesis?

  Formation of new blood vessels
• What can excessive proliferation of fibroblasts lead to?

  Formation of dense scar tissue
• What is the role of fibroblasts in granulation tissue?

  Production of collagen and elastin
• What do satellite cells create?

  Myotubes with multiple nuclei