Week 5 concussion

• What is the definition of concussion?

  A traumatic brain injury from impact.
• How is sport-related concussion defined?

  As a traumatic brain injury from impact.
• What initiates the metabolic cascade in concussion?

  A direct blow to the head, neck, or body.
• What are the possible effects of a concussion on the brain?

  Axonal injury, blood flow change, inflammation.
• How quickly can symptoms of concussion present?

  Immediately or evolve over minutes or hours.
• How long do concussion symptoms typically last?

  Commonly resolve within days, may be prolonged.
• What do standard neuroimaging studies show in concussion cases?

  No abnormality is seen.
• What may be present in research settings for concussions?

  Abnormalities on functional or metabolic imaging.
• What are the clinical symptoms of concussion?

  May include loss of consciousness and other signs.
• What factors cannot solely explain concussion symptoms?

  Drug, alcohol, medication use, or other injuries.
• What is the exact mechanism of concussion?

  The exact mechanism is unknown.
• What is more likely to cause concussions?

  Rotational acceleration of the brain.
• What happens during the neurometabolic cascade in concussions?

  Neuronal depolarization and glucose metabolism changes.
• What results from an energy mismatch after a concussion?

  Inability to deliver energy to the brain.
• Is direct impact to the head required for a concussion?

  No, a blow to the chest can also cause it.
• What are the symptoms of concussion?

  1. Emotional function:

  • Irritability
  • Changes in mood

  1. Cognitive function:

  • Confusion/disorientation
  • Amnesia
  • Mental fogginess
  • Difficulty concentrating

  1. Physical/somatic:

  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Balance difficulties
  • Visual changes

  1. Sleep:

  • Sleeping less or more than usual
  • Difficulty falling asleep
• What tools are used to diagnose concussion?

  Consensus statement and various assessment tools.
• What is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) range for mild concussion?

  13-15
• What is the GCS range for moderate concussion?

  9-12
• What is the GCS range for severe concussion?

  3-8
• What is the GCS range for vegetative state?

  Less than 3
• What is the usual recovery advice for a concussion?

  Gradual return to activities after symptoms resolve.
• What is the most dangerous complication of resuming athletics too early?

  Second impact syndrome.
• What is post-concussion syndrome (PCS)?

  Symptoms persisting weeks to months after injury.
• What percentage of mild TBI patients suffer from PCS?

  15%
• What is the transition from concussion to PCS described as?

  Ill-defined and poorly understood.
• What are the long-term effects of concussion?

  Effects on cognition, memory, learning, and executive function.
• What is the rare but feared complication of concussion?

  Second-impact syndrome (SIS).
• What happens during second-impact syndrome?

  Rapid, severe swelling on the brain.
• What are the potential neurologic complications of SIS?

  Brain herniation and death.
• What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?

  A progressive neurodegeneration from repeated trauma.
• What are the symptoms of CTE?

  Memory disturbance, personality changes, speech and gait abnormalities.
• What should be included in a 2000-word assignment on concussion?

  Injury overview, mechanisms, rehabilitation, and implications.
• What is the importance of concussion education and prevention?

  To reduce incidence and improve recovery outcomes.
• What is the role of applied functional rehabilitation in concussion management?

  To aid recovery and return to activities.
• What is the significance of the Consensus statement on concussion in sport?

  It provides guidelines for assessment and management.
• What is the purpose of the Concussion Recognition Tool-6 (CRT6)?

  To help recognize concussion symptoms.
• What is the purpose of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-6 (SCAT6)?

  To assess concussion severity and symptoms.
• What is the Child SCAT6 used for?

  To assess concussions in children.
• What is the Sport Concussion Office Assessment Tool-6 (SCOAT6)?


  To assess concussions in office settings.