Week 11 antecedents to injury

• What are the causes of injury?

  Biomechanical, psychological, anatomical, environmental
• What psychological factors could increase the risk of injury?

  Pressure, anxiety, stress, lack of confidence

  
• What is stress defined as?

  A demand placed on an individual
• How do stress responses function?

  They are bidirectional in nature
• What is eustress?

  Good stress from meeting a challenge
• What happens when there is an imbalance in meeting a challenge?

  Individuals experience distress
• What is the cognitive appraisal process?

  • Key role in stress reactivity
  • Primary appraisal: perception of stressor
  • Secondary appraisal: assessing skills/resources
• What does primary appraisal involve?

  Perception of a stressor as challenging or threatening
• What questions are asked during primary appraisal?

  Is it important? What harm might I face?
• What occurs if the encounter has meaning during primary appraisal?

  Individual enters a stress response
• What is secondary appraisal?

  Assessing if skills/resources meet demands
• What are harm/loss appraisals?

  Made when damage has already occurred
• What are threat appraisals?

  Made with potential damage occurring
• What are challenge appraisals?

  Perceived potential for personal gain
• What are gain appraisals?

  When growth has already occurred
• How does stress reactivity relate to injury incidence?

  It is the central link between them
• What factors contribute to poor stress response?

  Narrowing vision, attentional disruption, muscle tension
• What is trait anxiety?

  Predisposition to appraise threat
• How does competitive anxiety relate to injury?

  High anxiety correlates with more severe injuries
• What is perfectionism in sports?

  High standards with critical self-evaluations
• How does perfectionism predict injury?

  It positively predicts injury risk
• What are the components of hardiness?

  Commitment, control, challenge
• How does commitment affect stress perception?

  High commitment reduces perceived stress
• What does control refer to in hardiness?

  Belief in influencing events through effort
• What does challenge refer to in hardiness?

  Fulfillment through growth from experiences
• What are major life-changing events?

  Bereavement, loss of job
• What are daily hassles?

  Minor daily problems and irritations
• What is the focus of Ivarsson et al. (2018) study?

  Effect sizes of psychosocial variables on injury
• What is coping?

  Efforts to manage demands exceeding resources
• What are the types of coping strategies?

  • Problem-focused coping (PFC)
  • Emotion-focused coping (EFC)
  • Avoidance
  • Approach
  • Appraisal-focused coping
• What is problem-focused coping (PFC)?


  Directly managing the stressor
• What is emotion-focused coping (EFC)?

  Regulating emotions from the stressful encounter
• What is avoidance coping?

  Avoiding the situation altogether
• What is approach coping?

  Increasing effort to manage the stressor
• What is appraisal-focused coping?

  Re-evaluating the situation
• What is cognitive behavioural stress management (CBSM)?

  Modifying maladaptive appraisals
• What skills are introduced in CBSM?

  Skills to reduce stress response symptoms
• What can be done to reduce the risk of injury?

  • Improve coach-athlete relationship
  • Introduce relaxation techniques
  • Reduce excessive effort
  • Develop culture of worth
  • Holistic development of individuals
  • Allow skill development for challenges
  • Develop social support networks
  • Change culture around playing with pain