Polysaccharides

• What are the monomer units that make up lactose?

  Glucose and galactose
• What are the monomer units that make up sucrose?

  Glucose and fructose
• What are the monomer units that make up starch?

  Glucose monomers
• What disaccharide is formed when glucose combines with fructose?

  Sucrose
• What is the chemical formula for sucrose?

  C$_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$
• Which two polysaccharide chains make up starch?

  Amylose and amylopectin
• What type of bonds form between glucose molecules to create a polysaccharide?

  Glycosidic bonds
• How does a glycosidic bond occur?

  Through a condensation reaction, removing water
• How does the structure of glycogen relate to its function?

  It has branched chains for rapid glucose release
• How do you calculate the gradient of a line?

  Change in y divided by change in x
• What makes starch a good storage molecule?

  It is insoluble, compact, and large
• What is the structure of amylose?

  Spiral structure with 1,4 glycosidic bonds
• What is the structure of amylopectin?

  Branched structure with 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
• Why is starch insoluble?

  It doesn't affect the water potential of the cell
• Why is starch large in size?

  It does not diffuse out of cells
• Why is starch compact?

  A lot can be stored in a small place
• Why is alpha glucose used in starch?

  It is easily transported and used in respiration
• How does amylopectin's structure aid in glucose release?

  It has many ends for simultaneous hydrolysis
• What is the starch test?

  Add iodine solution to food sample
• What color indicates the presence of starch in the starch test?

  Blue-black
• What is glycogen made of?

  Alpha-glucose units
• What type of bonds does glycogen have?

  1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
• Why is glycogen more highly branched than starch?

  It is broken down more rapidly into glucose
• Where is glycogen stored in the body?

  In the muscles and liver
• What is cellulose made of?

  Beta-glucose
• What is the structure of cellulose?

  Straight, unbranched chains running parallel
• How do beta-glucose chains strengthen cellulose?

  Hydrogen bonds form cross-linkages between chains
• How does cellulose provide support and rigidity?

  Hydrogen bonds add collective strength to chains
• What are microfibrils in cellulose?

  Grouped chains that provide strength
• What role does cellulose play in plant cell walls?

  Prevents bursting when water enters
• How does cellulose affect plant cells during osmosis?

  Exerts inward pressure to stop water influx
• What is the result of turgid plant cells?

  They push against one another for rigidity
• What carbohydrate stains deep blue in iodine solution?

  Starch
• What is known as 'animal starch'?

  Glycogen
• What monosaccharide is found in starch?

  Glucose
• What is a structural polysaccharide?

  Cellulose
• What carbohydrate easily moves in and out of cells by facilitated diffusion?

  Glucose
• What is a condensation reaction?

  Joins monomers and releases water
• What is a hydrolysis reaction?

  Breaks bonds between monomers and uses water
• What monomer joins to form glycogen?

  Alpha glucose