ATP

• What role does DNA helicase play in DNA replication?

  It unwinds DNA strands and breaks hydrogen bonds
• What happens after DNA strands are unwound during replication?

  Complementary base pairing takes place
• Which bases pair together in DNA?

  Adenine pairs with Thymine, Guanine with Cytosine
• What is the function of DNA polymerase in replication?

  It joins nucleotides via a phosphodiester backbone
• What organic element is found in the bases of DNA?

  Nitrogen
• Define an isotope.

  An element with the same protons, different neutrons
• What are the monosaccharide parts of disaccharides Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose?

  • Sucrose: Glucose and Fructose
  • Lactose: Glucose and Galactose
  • Maltose: Glucose and Glucose
• How does a non-competitive inhibitor affect enzymatic reactions?

  It binds to the allosteric site, changing the active site
• What is the structure of ATP?

  Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
• How is ATP synthesized?

  Through photophosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and substrate-level phosphorylation
• What is the role of ATP in cells?

  It serves as the energy source for cellular work
• What is energy defined as?

  The ability to do work
• Name two forms of energy.

  Thermal and kinetic
• How does energy change forms?

  It can be converted from one form to another
• How is energy measured?

  In joules
• How is light energy converted in plants?

  Into chemical energy during photosynthesis
• What happens to chemical energy from photosynthesis?

  It is converted into ATP during respiration
• What is the significance of ATP in cellular processes?

  It is used as an energy source for work
• How does ATP release energy?

  By hydrolysis of phosphate bonds
• What is the reaction that breaks down ATP?

  Hydrolysis
• What are the three ways ATP can be phosphorylated?

  Photophosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation
• What are the uses of ATP in biological processes?

  • Provides energy for macromolecule synthesis
  • Supplies energy for muscle contraction
  • Powers active transport across membranes
  • Fuels secretion processes
  • Activates molecules for enzyme reactions
• Why is ATP considered an immediate energy compound?

  It releases energy in small, manageable amounts
• How does ATP make other molecules more reactive?

  By transferring a phosphate group to them
• What is the process of reformation of ATP from ADP?

  Condensation reaction
• Why is ATP useful in many biological processes?

  1. Releases energy in small amounts
  2. Broken down in a single step
  3. Immediate energy compound
  4. Phosphorylates other molecules
  5. Makes substances more reactive
  6. Can be reformed easily
• What is the significance of the semi-conservative replication of DNA?

  It ensures accurate replication using both strands
• How does the structure of DNA contribute to accurate replication?

  Hydrogen bonds are weak and easily broken
• What is the role of complementary base pairing in DNA replication?

  It allows for accurate copying of the DNA sequence
• What is the result of DNA replication?

  One parent strand and one new strand
• What is the function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

  It joins phosphodiester bonds in the sugar-phosphate backbone
• What is the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP?

  ATPase
• What is the energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP?

  30 kJ mol
• What is the significance of the high-energy bonds in ATP?

  They allow for quick energy release
• How does ATP function as a universal energy carrier?

  It can be used in many different chemical reactions
• Why can't ATP be stored in the body?

  It must be continuously made within cells
• How does ATP release energy in small amounts?

  By breaking one of its high-energy phosphate bonds
• What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

  It provides energy for muscle fibers to contract
• How does ATP facilitate active transport?

  It changes the shape of carrier proteins
• What is the role of ATP in secretion processes?

  It is needed to form lysosomes for secretion