Water

• What is the equation for the breakdown of ATP?

  ATP → P(i) + ADP + energy
• What organic element do bases in DNA contain?

  Nitrogen (N)
• What is the process of DNA replication?

  1. DNA helicase unwinds DNA strands
  2. Breaks hydrogen bonds between strands
  3. Template strands are formed
  4. Complementary base pairing occurs (A-T, G-C)
  5. DNA polymerase joins nucleotides via phosphodiester backbone
• Why do humans produce more than their body mass of ATP each day?

  ATP is unstable and cannot be stored
• What is the specific heat capacity of water?

  Heat needed to raise 1kg by 1°C
• How does water's structure influence its properties?

  Water is a polar molecule with hydrogen bonds
• What is the importance of water's high heat capacity for living organisms?

  It buffers temperature changes in organisms
• What is the latent heat of vaporization in water?

  Energy lost during evaporation of water
• How does the latent heat of vaporization benefit animals?

  It cools animals through sweat evaporation
• What causes strong cohesion between water molecules?

  Polarity and hydrogen bonds between molecules
• Why is cohesion important for plants?

  It allows water to move up xylem vessels
• What role does water play as a solvent in living organisms?

  It allows metabolic reactions to occur
• How does water facilitate the transport of substances in organisms?

  It dissolves substances for easy movement
• What is the role of water in hydrolysis reactions?

  It helps digest large molecules in animals
• What is the role of water in condensation reactions?

  It synthesizes important molecules like proteins
• What are five properties of water that are important for organisms?

  1. Metabolite in reactions (condensation/hydrolysis)
  2. Solvent for metabolic reactions and transport
  3. High heat capacity buffers temperature changes
  4. Large latent heat of vaporization provides cooling
  5. Cohesion supports water columns in plants