Episodic and Semantic Memory

• What are the two types of long-term memory according to Tulving?

  Episodic and semantic memory
• What does episodic memory refer to?

  Memory of particular events and experiences
• How are episodic memories encoded?

  Time and spatially encoded/referenced
• What sensory elements are linked to episodic memories?

  Linked to the five senses
• How do situational cues affect episodic and semantic memories?

  Help recall episodic but not semantic memories
• What is semantic memory?

  Memory of facts, figures, and knowledge
• How are semantic memories encoded compared to episodic memories?

  Not time and spatially encoded/referenced
• What does the supporting study by Ostergaard indicate?

  There are two stores of long-term memory
• What did Greenberg and Verfaellie's study find about episodic memory?

  Episodic memory is a separate memory store
• How does this theory compare to the Multi Store Memory model?

  It provides a more detailed explanation of LTM
• What does the case study of KC illustrate?

  Separation of episodic and semantic memory
• How does this theory help in understanding dementia?

  Shows different types of LTM loss patterns
• What did Squire and Zola's findings suggest about memory types?

  Episodic and semantic memory may not be separate
• What is a potential weakness of the theory regarding memory systems?

  Large overlap between episodic and semantic memory
• What limitation does this theory have regarding short-term memory?

  It does not explain how STM works
• Why is it difficult to test long-term memory retrospectively?

  Memories may not be accurately recalled
• What are the strengths of Tulving's theory of memory?

  • Evidence from case studies (e.g., KC)
  • Supporting studies (e.g., Ostergaard)
  • Explains different types of LTM
  • Helps understand dementia
• What are the weaknesses of Tulving's theory of memory?

  • Overlap between memory systems
  • Location of memories in the brain
  • Limited explanation of STM
  • Difficulty in retrospective testing
• What does MSM stand for in memory studies?

  Multi-Store Model
• What does the variation in capacity and duration of STM and LTM imply?

  It varies between individuals
• If one person has a memory capacity of 4-5 items, what might another person's capacity be?

  8-9 items
• How do schemas affect memory reconstruction?

  They differ based on past experiences
• What leads to individual differences in memory according to reconstructive memory theory?

  Differences in schemas based on experiences
• What types of memories are included in long-term memory?

  Episodic and Semantic memories
• From where do episodic and semantic memories originate?

  Past experiences and learning events
• How does the Central Executive's ability vary among individuals?

  In attention shifting and multitasking
• What are the key components of individual differences in memory?

  • Variation in STM and LTM capacity
  • Differences in schemas affecting memory reconstruction
  • Individual differences in episodic and semantic memories
  • Variability in Central Executive's attention and multitasking abilities