Population genetics

• Who contributed to the theory of evolution in 1859?

  Darwin and Wallace
• What is the role of natural selection in speciation?

  It occurs through natural selection
• What is heredity based on?

  Transmission of alleles
• What does population genetics study?

  Changes in allele frequencies within populations
• What do parents contribute to in population genetics?

  A pool of gametes
• What happens when gametes fertilize one another?

  Zygotes become parents of the next generation
• How many copies of each gene does a diploid individual have?

  Two copies
• What are the two types of genotypes an individual can be?

  Homozygous or heterozygous
• How do you calculate allele frequencies from genotype frequencies?

  By using the formula involving genotype counts
• What is the relationship between genotype frequencies of offspring and parents?

  They are equal
• What is the Hardy-Weinberg formula?

  (p + q)(p + q) = p² + 2pq + q²
• What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle state about allele frequencies?

  They remain constant in large populations
• How do you test for genetic equilibrium?

  By comparing observed and expected allele frequencies
• What indicates a population is not at genetic equilibrium?

  Violation of the Hardy-Weinberg principle
• What could cause a population to lose alleles?

  Random genetic drift
• What is an example of a population undergoing natural selection?

  Deer mice with pale coats
• What is a bottleneck effect in genetics?

  A drastic reduction in population size
• What happened to the Pingalap population after the typhoon?

  Only 30 people survived
• What is the result of a sampling error in a small population?

  Increased frequency of rare alleles
• What is assortative mating?

  Mating based on specific traits
• What is the mutation-selection balance?

  Balance between mutation rates and selection pressure
• What is the allele frequency of achromatopsia in the Pingalap population?

  Approximately 0.32
• What is the significance of the black coat color in grey wolves?

  It originated from domestic dog alleles
• What happens if there is no net migration in a population?

  Population remains genetically stable
• What is the effect of natural selection on allele frequencies?

  It can change allele frequencies over time
• What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

  • No net migration
  • Population is large
  • Mating is random with respect to alleles
  • No natural selection
  • No net mutation
• What are the consequences of violating the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

  • Population may undergo natural selection
  • Mating may be non-random
  • Alleles may be lost through genetic drift
  • Net mutation may occur
  • Migration of genotypes may happen
• What are examples of natural selection in populations?

  • Deer mice with pale coats in sandy soils
  • Grey wolves with black coat color in America
  • Colour-blindness in Pingalap population