Lab to Real World

• What are some applied implications arising from research on vision and eye movements?

  Screening and diagnosis
• Why is visual processing important in everyday behaviors and tasks?

  It plays a key role in understanding human cognition
• What is the fovea's role in vision?

  It is the region of greatest visual acuity
• What might be the implications of eye movements and visual acuity for cinematic special effects?

  They could influence how convincing the effects appear to viewers
• What is required for effective airport baggage screening?

  Identification of objects that are rarely present
• What was the task in Wolfe et al. (2007) study regarding the prevalence effect?

  Search for guns or knives and indicate their presence
• What were the prevalence conditions in Wolfe et al. (2007) study?

  High prevalence condition: 50% target present; Low prevalence condition: 2% target present
• What was the result of retraining with high prevalence in Wolfe et al. (2007)?

  It reduced error rates in low prevalence conditions
• How can the accuracy of airport baggage screeners be improved?

  By regular retraining with high prevalence targets
• What common neurological disorders are associated with dysfunctions in oculomotor control?

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, and Parkinson’s disease
• What does Tseng et al. (2013) claim about their method for screening neurological disorders?

  It is objective, automated, and cost-effective for large populations
• Why is reading considered an important cultural invention?

  It reveals how we acquire and perform specialized skills
• What are some applied implications of research on reading?

  It helps optimize methods for teaching and tackling reading difficulties
• What is the relationship between written language and spoken language in learning to read?

  Alphabetic languages associate letters with phonemes
• What is the phonics method in learning to read?

  It teaches the relationship between graphemes and phonemes
• Why is learning the associations between letters and sounds in English difficult?

  Consonant sounds vary depending on the vowels
• How do languages vary in orthographic depth?

  Languages differ in the consistency of letter-sound mapping
• What is the difference between shallow and deep orthographies?

  Shallow orthographies have more consistent mapping than deep orthographies
• What does the whole-word method teach children?

  To read words as a whole
• What are the arguments for and against the whole-word method?

  For: English is irregular; Against: Many words are regular
• What is the whole-language method in reading instruction?

  It encourages guessing words from context and engaging with fun books
• What did Van Orden (1987) study regarding phonology in silent reading?

  Participants made category judgments on homophones
• What did the results of Van Orden (1987) indicate about phonological processing?

  It is critical in skilled reading
• What are the two conclusions from Rayner et al. (2001) regarding reading proficiency?

  Mastering the alphabetic principle is essential, and phonics instruction is more effective
• What was the reading speed of normal readers according to Just, Carpenter, and Masson (1982)?

  Approximately 250 words per minute
• What does speed reading imply about the amount of visual information processed?

  Speed readers process less visual information
• How did speed readers perform compared to normal readers in comprehension tasks?

  Speed readers performed equally well for general comprehension but struggled with detailed questions
• What is the summary conclusion about speed reading?

  It allows for general comprehension but not detailed understanding
• Why is visual processing central to understanding human cognition?

  It is key to a broad range of tasks in the real world