resistance to social influence

• What are the two main explanations of resistance to social influence that you need to know?

  Social support and Locus of Control
• How can the theories of social support and Locus of Control be used in a general question about resistance?

  They can be combined to explain resistance to social influence.
• How is resistance to social influence defined?

  It is the ways in which individuals attempt to withstand perceived attempts to threaten freedom of choice.
• In Asch’s conformity study, what percentage of trials resulted in conformity?

  33%
• What does it indicate when 67% of trials in Asch's study did not conform?

  It indicates that resistance behavior was shown.
• What was observed about the guards in the Zimbardo prison study?

  Not all guards conformed to their social roles equally.
• What percentage of participants resisted obedience in Bickman's study when the authority figure was dressed as a security guard?

  20%
• What does it suggest when one quarter of participants in Asch's study did not conform on any critical trials?

  It suggests a high level of resistance behavior.
• In Hoffling’s study, how many nurses resisted the instructions to obey?

  One of the 22 nurses.
• What percentage of participants in the original Milgram study resisted obedience?

  35%
• How did resistance behavior change in the Remote Authority Variation of Milgram's experiments?

  Resistance behavior increased to 79.5%.
• What was the conformity rate reported by Perrin and Spencer in their replication study?

  0.25%
• What does a 99.75% rate of resistance behavior in Perrin and Spencer's study indicate?

  It indicates a very high level of resistance to social influence.
• What is the significance of the majority's unanimous position in social influence?

  The power of the majority comes from its unanimous position.
• What was the conformity rate when participants had no support in Allen and Levine's study?

  97%
• How did having a supporter with normal vision affect conformity rates in Allen and Levine's study?

  It reduced the conformity rate to 36%.
• What was the effect of having a supporter with very poor vision on conformity rates in Allen and Levine's study?

  It resulted in a conformity rate of 64%.
• What is a potential issue with social research being set in artificial situations?

  It may not accurately reflect real social experiences.
• How does having an ally affect an individual's ability to resist authority?

  It increases their confidence in resisting authority.
• What was the key finding in the Milgram variation called "two peers rebel"?

  It showed that social support increases resistance to authority.
• Who proposed the concept of Locus of Control?

  Rotter (1966)
• What does Locus of Control refer to?

  It refers to the extent to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them.
• How does having an internal Locus of Control affect resistance behavior?

  Individuals with an internal LOC are more likely to show resistance behavior.
• Why are individuals with an internal LOC less vulnerable to social influence?

  They actively seek useful information and do not rely on others' opinions.
• What characteristic of individuals with an internal LOC makes them more likely to become leaders?

  They tend to be more achievement-oriented.
• How do individuals with an internal LOC respond to coercion compared to those with an external LOC?

  They are better able to resist coercion.
• Why do individuals with an internal LOC not blindly obey or conform?

  They see the consequences of their behavior as their own responsibility.
• What did Holland's study find regarding internal and external LOC in relation to disobedience?

  37% of internals were disobedient compared to 23% of externals.
• What did Spector's study reveal about LOC and resistance to normative social influence (NSI)?

  Internals were more likely to resist conformity than externals.
• What was the finding regarding LOC and predisposition to informational social influence (ISI)?

  No relationship was found between LOC and predisposition to ISI.
• What does the limited ability of personality factors like LOC to explain resistance behavior suggest?

  It suggests that other factors must be considered to explain resistance behavior.