Organic Chemistry

• What are hydrocarbons composed of?

  Carbon and hydrogen atoms
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C$_{n}H_{2n+2}$
• Why are alkanes considered saturated?

  They contain only single bonds between carbons
• What are the properties of hydrocarbons based on chain length?

  • Shorter chains are less viscous
  • Shorter chains are more volatile
  • Shorter chains are more flammable
• What happens during the complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

  It releases a lot of energy
• What is the general equation for the complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

  Hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
• What is oxidized during the combustion of hydrocarbons?

  Both carbon and oxygen from the hydrocarbon
• What distinguishes alkenes from alkanes?

  Alkenes have a double bond between carbons
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  C$_{n}H_{2n}$
• Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

  Due to the presence of a double bond
• What type of combustion do alkenes typically undergo?

  Incomplete combustion
• What is the result of burning alkenes in insufficient oxygen?

  Produces carbon and carbon monoxide
• What is the appearance of the flame when alkenes combust incompletely?

  Smoky yellow flame
• What are the reactions of alkenes?

  • Addition reactions
  • Hydrogenation with hydrogen
  • Reaction with steam to form alcohols
  • Reaction with halogens
• What happens during hydrogenation of alkenes?

  Double bond opens to form an alkane
• How can bromine be used to test for alkenes?

  Orange bromine water turns colorless
• What is the process of forming addition polymers from monomers?

  • Monomers have a double covalent bond
  • Double bond opens to form a chain
• What is the general formula for alcohols?

  C$_{n}H_{2n+1}OH$
• What are the properties of alcohols?

  Flammable, soluble in water, neutral pH
• What do alcohols produce when oxidized?

  Carboxylic acids
• How is ethanol produced?

  By fermentation of sugar
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

  -COOH
• What do carboxylic acids produce when reacting with carbonates?

  A salt, water, and carbon dioxide
• What do carboxylic acids release in water?

  H- ions
• What is the functional group of esters?

  -COO-
• What is the reaction to form esters?

  Alcohol + carboxylic acid → ester + water
• What distinguishes addition polymerisation from condensation polymerisation?

  Addition polymerisation:

  • One type of monomer with C=C bond
  • Produces one product

  
  

  Condensation polymerisation:

  • Two monomer types or one with two functional groups
  • Produces two products (polymer and small molecule)
• What do amino acids contain?

  An amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH)
• How do amino acids form polypeptides?

  Through condensation polymerisation
• What are proteins made of?

  One or more long chains of polypeptides
• What determines the properties and shapes of proteins?

  The order of amino acids
• What are nucleotides in DNA made of?

  Monomers containing a base (A, C, G, or T)
• What is the structure of DNA?

  Two polymer chains forming a double helix
• What do sugars contain?

  Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
• What do sugars form through polymerisation reactions?

  • Larger carbohydrate polymers
  • Examples: starch and cellulose