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LF130
L16: Covalent Bonds
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Cards (22)
What is vitalism in the context of chemistry and biology?
Vitalism is the belief that life is distinctly different from principles of chemistry and
physics
.
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What disproved the concept of vitalism?
The synthesis of
urea
in the lab in
1828
disproved vitalism.
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What are the main types of noncovalent interactions?
Main types include
ionic interactions
,
dipole interactions
, dipole-ion interactions,
hydrogen bonds
, dispersion forces, steric repulsion, and hydrophobic interactions.
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How do covalent and noncovalent bonds function in protein digestion?
Protein digestion involves breaking covalent bonds in the stomach.
Pepsin is active in the stomach and denatured in the duodenum.
Noncovalent bonds control the function of enzymes like
pepsin
and trypsin.
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What is the role of trypsin in protein digestion?
Trypsin is active in the
duodenum
and produced by the
pancreas
.
It is initially made as inactive
trypsinogen
to prevent self-digestion.
Trypsin cleaves other
enzymes
to activate them.
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What are the components of an atom?
An atom consists of
electrons
,
protons
, and
neutrons
.
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What determines the atomic number of an element?
The atomic number is determined by the number of
protons
in the
nucleus
.
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What are isotopes?
Isotopes are variants of an element that have the same number of
protons
but different numbers of
neutrons
.
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Which elements are primarily needed in biology?
The main elements needed in biology are
hydrogen
(H),
carbon
(C),
nitrogen
(N),
oxygen
(O),
phosphorus
(P), and
sulfur
(S).
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How do atoms achieve full electron shells?
Atoms achieve full shells by sharing
electrons
with other atoms.
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What is the significance of group and period in the periodic table?
Groups
indicate how many electrons are in the
outer shell
, while
periods
indicate when a new shell starts filling up.
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Why are covalent bonds considered directional?
Covalent bonds are directional because they
convey
shape and have specific
angles
between them.
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What are isomers?
Isomers are molecules that have the same
molecular formula
but different
arrangements
of atoms in space.
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What are the two main types of isomers?
Structural isomers
: Same molecular formula but different arrangement of bonds.
Stereoisomers
: Same molecular formula and arrangement of bonds but differ in orientation of bonds in space.
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What is the difference between glucose and fructose in terms of functional groups?
Glucose is an
aldehyde
, while fructose is a
ketone
.
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How do the Fischer and Haworth projections differ for glucose?
Fischer projection:
Vertical
bonds
behind
the plane,
horizontal
bonds
in front.
Haworth projection: Bonds pointing
down
correspond to the
right hand
in Fischer.
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What are positional isomers?
Positional isomers have the same
molecular formula
but differ in the position of a
functional group
.
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What defines a chiral carbon?
A chiral carbon has four different groups
attached
to it.
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What are stereoisomers in biology?
Stereoisomers
are molecules that differ in the orientation of groups attached to a
chiral carbon
.
They are
non-superimposable
.
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What role do glycosidic bonds play in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic bonds connect
glucose
molecules, forming different optical isomers and
polysaccharides
.
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What are the properties of glucose polymers?
Fast breakdown for energy.
Fiber for structure.
Amylose
and
amylopectin
break down for energy.
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What are the key concepts summarized in the study material?
Key concepts include atom structure,
covalent bonds
,
isomers
, and
sugar chemistry
.
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