L16: Covalent Bonds

Cards (22)

  • What is vitalism in the context of chemistry and biology?
    Vitalism is the belief that life is distinctly different from principles of chemistry and physics.
  • What disproved the concept of vitalism?
    The synthesis of urea in the lab in 1828 disproved vitalism.
  • What are the main types of noncovalent interactions?
    Main types include ionic interactions, dipole interactions, dipole-ion interactions, hydrogen bonds, dispersion forces, steric repulsion, and hydrophobic interactions.
  • How do covalent and noncovalent bonds function in protein digestion?
    • Protein digestion involves breaking covalent bonds in the stomach.
    • Pepsin is active in the stomach and denatured in the duodenum.
    • Noncovalent bonds control the function of enzymes like pepsin and trypsin.
  • What is the role of trypsin in protein digestion?
    • Trypsin is active in the duodenum and produced by the pancreas.
    • It is initially made as inactive trypsinogen to prevent self-digestion.
    • Trypsin cleaves other enzymes to activate them.
  • What are the components of an atom?
    An atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
  • What determines the atomic number of an element?
    The atomic number is determined by the number of protons in the nucleus.
  • What are isotopes?
    Isotopes are variants of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
  • Which elements are primarily needed in biology?
    The main elements needed in biology are hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S).
  • How do atoms achieve full electron shells?
    Atoms achieve full shells by sharing electrons with other atoms.
  • What is the significance of group and period in the periodic table?
    Groups indicate how many electrons are in the outer shell, while periods indicate when a new shell starts filling up.
  • Why are covalent bonds considered directional?
    Covalent bonds are directional because they convey shape and have specific angles between them.
  • What are isomers?
    Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms in space.
  • What are the two main types of isomers?
    • Structural isomers: Same molecular formula but different arrangement of bonds.
    • Stereoisomers: Same molecular formula and arrangement of bonds but differ in orientation of bonds in space.
  • What is the difference between glucose and fructose in terms of functional groups?
    Glucose is an aldehyde, while fructose is a ketone.
  • How do the Fischer and Haworth projections differ for glucose?
    • Fischer projection: Vertical bonds behind the plane, horizontal bonds in front.
    • Haworth projection: Bonds pointing down correspond to the right hand in Fischer.
  • What are positional isomers?
    Positional isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in the position of a functional group.
  • What defines a chiral carbon?
    A chiral carbon has four different groups attached to it.
  • What are stereoisomers in biology?
    • Stereoisomers are molecules that differ in the orientation of groups attached to a chiral carbon.
    • They are non-superimposable.
  • What role do glycosidic bonds play in carbohydrates?
    Glycosidic bonds connect glucose molecules, forming different optical isomers and polysaccharides.
  • What are the properties of glucose polymers?
    • Fast breakdown for energy.
    • Fiber for structure.
    • Amylose and amylopectin break down for energy.
  • What are the key concepts summarized in the study material?
    Key concepts include atom structure, covalent bonds, isomers, and sugar chemistry.