11.2.2 Exercise, Breathing and Respiration

• What is the process of exchanging gases in the lungs called?

  Breathing
• What is respiration?

  A chemical process to release energy

  
• How do you measure breathing rate?

  Count chest rises in 1 minute
• What happens to breathing rate as exercise begins?

  Breathing rate increases

  
• Why does breathing depth increase with exercise?

  More oxygen is needed for muscles

  
• What do muscles produce more of during exercise?

  Carbon dioxide
• How does carbon dioxide affect blood pH?

  It makes the blood more acidic
• What detects the decrease in blood pH?

  Receptors in the arteries
• What does the brain do in response to low pH?

  Sends nerve impulses to increase breathing
• What happens to heart rate during exercise?

  Heart rate increases
• What is produced during anaerobic respiration?

  Lactic acid

  
• What is the role of lactic acid in blood pH?

  It contributes to decreased acidity
• What do animals use energy released from respiration for?

  Growth, movement, and cell division

  
• What is aerobic respiration?

  Respiration that needs oxygen

  
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 +$$6H_2O$
• Where does aerobic respiration occur in animal cells?

  In the mitochondria
• Where does anaerobic respiration occur in bacterial cells?

  In the cytoplasm
• What is anaerobic respiration in yeast used for?

  Brewing and bread-making

  
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6 \rightarrow 2C_2H_5OH +$$2CO_2$
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6 \rightarrow 2C_3H_6O_3$

  
• How much more energy does aerobic respiration release compared to anaerobic respiration?

  19 times more energy

  
• What causes oxygen debt during vigorous exercise?

  Lactic acid builds up in muscles

  
• What happens to heart rate during oxygen debt?

  Heart rate remains high

  
• Why do you continue to breathe quickly during oxygen debt?

  To deliver oxygen to the liver
• What happens to lactic acid in the liver?

  It is oxidized during aerobic respiration
• What are the key differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

  • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen; anaerobic does not.
  • Aerobic produces more energy than anaerobic.
  • Aerobic occurs in mitochondria; anaerobic occurs in cytoplasm.
  • Anaerobic in yeast produces ethanol; in animals, it produces lactic acid.

  
• What physiological changes occur during exercise related to breathing and heart rate?

  • Breathing rate increases to supply more oxygen.
  • Breathing depth increases for more oxygen intake.
  • Heart rate increases to transport lactic acid and oxygen.
  • Blood pH decreases due to carbon dioxide and lactic acid.