dev strategies

• What are the two development strategies discussed?

  Top-down and bottom-up
• What does "top-down" mean in development strategies?

  Government involvement, not local people
• Which project is used as an example for top-down development?

  The dam in India
• What is a major benefit of top-down development strategies?

  They provide large-scale economic benefits
• How does top-down development impact electricity supply?

  It provides a reliable source for the country
• What is FDI in the context of top-down development?

  Foreign Direct Investment
• How does top-down development improve agricultural production?

  By securing water for irrigation
• What are trickle-down benefits?

  Benefits that start large and become smaller
• What is a major drawback of top-down development projects?

  They are often very expensive
• How can top-down projects lead to national debt?

  By borrowing money from large countries
• Who benefits financially from top-down projects?

  Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
• What type of jobs do locals often get in top-down projects?

  Low-skilled jobs
• What happens to locals when a dam is built?

  They can be displaced from their land
• What is a long-term effect of top-down projects?

  Benefits may take years to materialize
• What environmental issues can top-down projects cause?

  Land, water, or air pollution
• What is a potential geological risk of large dams?

  They can cause earthquakes
• What is the example used for bottom-up development?

  Biogas generation from cows
• What is "intermediate technology"?

  Lower technology involving local people
• How does bottom-up development involve local people?

  They participate in decision-making
• What is a benefit of using local materials in bottom-up projects?

  It enhances sustainability
• How does biogas generation impact local pollution?

  It produces less pollution overall
• What health benefit does biogas provide to local communities?

  Cleaner energy reduces health impacts
• What additional benefit do cows provide in biogas projects?

  Milk for local consumption or sale
• How does biogas generation affect children's education?

  It allows them to study at night
• What is a drawback of bottom-up development projects?

  They have less national impact
• Why might bottom-up projects not attract significant investment?

  They are small-scale and localized
• What is a common job type in bottom-up projects?

  Low-skilled agricultural jobs
• What are the pros and cons of top-down and bottom-up development strategies?

  **Top-Down Pros:**

  • Large-scale economic benefits
  • Reliable electricity supply
  • Attracts FDI

  
  

  Top-Down Cons:

  • Very expensive projects
  • Can lead to national debt
  • Local people often displaced

  
  

  **Bottom-Up Pros:**

  • Local involvement in decision-making
  • Sustainable and easy to maintain
  • Cleaner energy sources

  
  

  Bottom-Up Cons:

  • Limited national impact
  • Less investment attraction
  • Low-skilled job creation
• How should one compare top-down and bottom-up strategies in an exam?

  • Use comparative language (e.g., however, in contrast)
  • Provide evidence from both strategies
  • Focus on pros and cons for evaluation