Humoral immunity

• What is stage one of humoral immunity?

  The surface antigens of an invading pathogen are taken up by a B-cell.
• What is stage two of humoral immunity?

  The B cell processes the antigens and presents them on it's surface.
• What is stage three of humoral immunity?

  Helper T-cells attach to the processed antigens on the B cell thereby activating the B-cell.
• What is stage four of humoral immunity?

  The B cell is noe activated to divide by mitosis to give a clone of plasma cells.
• What is stage five of humoral immunity?

  The cloned plasma cells produce and secrete the specific antibodies that exactly fit the antigen on the pathogen and destroy them.
• What is stage six of humoral immunity?

  The antibody attaches to antigens on the pathogen and destroys them.
• What is stage seven of humoral immunity?

  Some B cells develop into memory cells. These can respond to fure infections by the same pathogen by dividing rapidly developing into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
• Where are B-cells concentrate?

  Lymph nodes and spleen
• Once mature how many kind of antibodies can each type of B-cell make?


  1
• Before activated where are antibodies located in B-cells?

  In the cell surface membrane
• What does part of each antibody form so they can combine specifically with one type of antigen?

  A glycoprotein receptor
• What is clonal selection?

  The process by which when an antigen enters the body, B-lymphocyte cells with the correct cell surface receptors will be able to recognise it and bind to it.
• What is clonal expansion?

  When specific B-lymphocytes divide by mitosis and differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells.