Comparison of approaches

• How is the scientific methodology in behaviourism?

  • Highly scientific
  • Focus on observable stimuli and responses.
  • Precise replication allowed.
  • Controlled conditions
• how is the scientific methodology in SLT?

  • Internal mental processes cannot be directly observed but instead inferred.
  • Inferences could be Incorrect.
  • Reduces scientific credibility
• how is the scientific methodology in cognitive?

  • Controlled experiments to support theories
  • Inferences.
  • Not considered fully scientific
• how is the scientific methodology in biological?

  • directly observable processes such as brain activity.
  • fMRI scanners and blood tests - objective.
  • large scale placebo controlled trials
  • highly scientific
• how is the scientific methodology in psychodynamic?

  • Freud based theories on case studies.
  • these are not scientific due to the potential for bias in researchers interpretation.
  • concepts like superego not operationally defines so cannot be scientifically studied
• how is the scientific methodology in humanistic?

  • reject scientific methods as they believe human behaviour is too complex to be reduced to simple variables.
  • reject cause and effect principles
  • lacks empirical evidence to support its claims.
• What is meant by free will?

  We direct our behaviour through our will, however, there are some causes that affect our behaviour.
• what is determinism?

  We don’t choose our actions as behaviour is determined by things such as previous experiences or genetic makeup.
• what is soft determinism?

  there are limitations in our behaviour but within them we are free to make some choices
• what is hard determinism?

  human behaviour is caused by internal and external factors
• Is behaviourism free will or deterministic

  • Hard environmental determinists
  • Behaviour is the result of interactions with the environment.
  • behaviour previously rewarded more likely to be repeated.
• is SLT free will or deterministic?

  • environmentally deterministic
  • Bandura -> reciprocal determinism.
  • our behaviour determines the environment
• is cognitive free will or deterministic?

  • soft determinists
  • learn schema through experience which acts as an automatic template for our behaviour.
  • with free will, automatic internal mental processes can be modified =.
• is biological free will or deterministic?

  • biological determinism
  • behaviour is entirely caused by our physical nature, like: hormones, neurotransmitters and genes.
  • aggression and mental health-> imbalance of neurotransmitters due to the inheritance of dysfunctional genes.
• is psychodynamics free will or deterministic?

  • psychic determinism
  • unconscious thoughts, drives and repressed memories shape our conscious behaviours.
  • these unconscious forces are formed in childhood and influence adult behaviour later in life.
• is humanistic free will or deterministic.?

  • free will
  • humans have agency
  • able to make our own decisions free from restraints
  • moral responsibility for those choices.
• what is meant by nature?

  human behaviour is influenced by inherited biological factors
• what is meant by nurture?

  human behaviour is influenced by environment and experience
• is behaviourist nature or nurture?

  • environmental factors- nurture
  • rewarding behaviours leads to repetition
  • there is some nature in innate reflex actions
• are SLT nature or nurture?

  • nurture
  • stimulus-response mechanism
  • vicarious reinforcement
• is cognitive nature or nurture?

  • both
  • internal mental processes run on physical and biological hardware of the brain.
  • closer to nurture as schemas formed through experience
• is biological nature or nurture?

  • most influenced by hereditary - nature
  • inheritance of DNA
  • imbalance of neutotransmitters leads to mental disorders
• is psychodynamics nature or nurture?

  • both internal mental
  • psychosexual stages is a biological processes that occur in all children and shape the personality of their adult self
• is humanistic nature or nurture

  • holists so believe human behaviour should be viewed as a whole integrated experience.
  • both - genes and environmental influences such as culture
• what is holism?

  human behaviour should be viewed as a whole integrated experience, not separate parts
• what is reductionism?

  human behaviour can be explained by breaking it down into simpler parts
• Is behaviourism holistic or reductionist

  • Reductionist
  • Explain behaviour due to stimulus-response links
• is SLT holistic or reductionism?

  • less reductionist than behaviourist
  • internal mental processes
• is cognitive holistic or reductionnistc?

  • machine reductionist
  • mind and brain like a computer.
  • ignore emotions
• is biological holistic or reductionist

  • mental disorders result of chemical processes.
  • highly reductionists
  • oversimplify complex experiences like emotions
• is psychodynamic holistic or reductionist

  • holistic
  • experience should be explained through factors like biological factors
• is humanistic holistic or reductionist?

  • holistic
  • experience to be explained through biological or direct
• behaviourists and psychlogical treatments?

  • Treating phobias
  • Flooding and systematic desensitisation
• SLT and psychological treatment

  • modelling to alter maladaptive behaviour
  • role models display appropriate behaviour
• • cognitive and psychological treatment
  • CBT
• biological and psychological treatment?

  • brain surgery and drug therapy
  • drug therapies alter the activities of neurotransmitters
• psychodynamic and psychological treatment?

  • psychotherapy
• humanistic and sychological treatment?

  client-centred therapy