ETC

• What are the end products of glucose metabolism in oxidation reactions?

  CO2 and H2O
• What do metabolic intermediates donate to coenzymes?

  Electrons to form reduced coenzymes
• What are the two main reduced coenzymes mentioned?

  • NADH
  • FADH2
• What does OIL-RIG stand for in relation to coenzymes?

  Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain
• Where do NADH and FADH2 donate electrons?

  To the electron transport chain

  
• What happens to electrons as they pass through the electron transport chain?

  They lose much of their free energy
• What process captures energy from the electron transport chain to produce ATP?

  Oxidative phosphorylation

  
• Where is the electron transport chain located?

  In the inner mitochondrial membrane

  
• What is the final common pathway for electrons derived from different fuels?

  Flow to O2 in the electron transport chain
• What is the structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane important for?

  Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

  
• What is the matrix of the mitochondrion composed of?

  A gel-like solution containing enzymes and proteins

  
• What are the substrates for Complex I and Complex II in the electron transport chain?

  NADH for Complex I and succinate for Complex II

  
• What role do coenzyme Q and cytochrome c play in the electron transport chain?

  They are mobile carriers of electrons

  
• What is the function of cytochromes in the electron transport chain?

  They carry electrons and contain heme groups

  
• What happens to O2 in the electron transport chain?

  It is reduced to form H2O
• What are reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their effects?

  They damage DNA and proteins
• What enzymes defend against reactive oxygen species?

  Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase
• What is the effect of site-specific inhibitors on the electron transport chain?

  They prevent passage of electrons

  
• How does inhibition of electron transport affect ATP synthesis?

  It also inhibits ATP synthesis

  
• What is the Mitchell hypothesis related to?

  It explains ATP production from electron transport energy
• How is the proton gradient created during electron transport?

  By pumping protons across the inner membrane

  
• What is the role of ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation?

  It synthesizes ATP using the proton gradient

  
• What happens when oligomycin binds to ATP synthase?

  It prevents reentry of protons into the matrix

  
• What is the function of uncoupling proteins (UCPs)?

  They create a proton leak, releasing heat

  
• What is UCP1 also known as?

  Thermogenin
• How do synthetic uncouplers affect oxidative phosphorylation?

  They increase membrane permeability to protons

  
• What is the consequence of inherited defects in oxidative phosphorylation?

  They affect tissues with high ATP requirements
• How does apoptosis relate to mitochondrial function?

  It may be initiated by mitochondrial pore formation
• What role does cytochrome c play in apoptosis?

  It activates caspases that lead to apoptosis