social learning theory

• what are the key assumptions of SLT (AO1)?


  • SLT is based on observational learning, where behaviour is learned through observation and imitation of role models
  • this differs from strict behaviourism as it involves cognitive processes (strength)
  • there are 4 mediational processes in SLT: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. these processes determine whether imitation occurs.
  • our likelihood of imitating behaviour depends on how well we identify with that person, e.g. higher status and/or similar characteristics
• the 4 mediational processes:

  • attention - whether we notice the behaviour
  • retention - whether we remember the behaviour
  • reproduction - whether we can reproduce/peform the behaviour
  • motivation - whether the perceived rewards outweigh the perceived costs
  • these processes were put forward by BANDURA
• what is the SLT process?

  • role models
  • identification
  • observation and imitation
  • vicarious reinforcement
  • direct reinforcement
  • internalisation
  • consequences
• what does vicarious reinforcement mean?

  • observing someone else being rewarded or punished for a behaviour influences your likelihood of performing that behaviour.
• BANDURA'S STUDY:

  • IV: observing aggressive/non-aggressive models
  • DV: aggression models
  • AIM: to investigate whether aggression can be learned through SLT principles.
  • HYPOTHESIS: children who observe an aggressive role model will show more aggression towards the Bobo Doll than children who observe a non-aggressive role model.
  • METHOD: 72 children (aged 3-6) were divided into three groups, exposed to different models for 10 minutes.
  • EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: matched pairs
  • ETHICAL ISSUES: consent (minors), deception, privacy and confidentiality, and right to withdraw.
• strengths of SLT (AO3):


  • real world applications - SLT has been used to explain criminal behaviour (e.g. Sykes and Matza, 1957).
  • credibility - plentiful research support e.g. Fox and Bailenson.
  • SLT explains cultural differences in behaviour.
  • involves cognitive processes
• limitations of SLT (AO3):


  • because biological factors, like testosterone, are ignored SLT is environmentally deterministic.
  • issue of causality - it is not clear if people learn behaviour from models or if they seek out models who exhibit behaviour/attitudes, they already favour.
  • demand characteristics - Bandura's extensive use of controlled lab experiments.