Chapter 14 ALCOHOLS

• What is the functional group of alcohols?

  -OH (hydroxyl)
• What is the general formula for alcohols?

  C$n$H$2n+$$1$OH
• What are the types of alcohols based on their structure?

  • Primary Alcohol
  • Secondary Alcohol
  • Tertiary Alcohol
• Why is the hydroxyl group in alcohols polar?

  Electrons are pulled towards electronegative oxygen
• How do alcohols interact with water molecules?

  Via hydrogen bonds with H+ attracted to lone pairs
• What effect does a longer carbon chain have on alcohol solubility?

  Reduces solubility due to non-polarity
• Why do alcohols have high boiling points?

  They hydrogen bond with each other
• How is a haloalkane made ?

  Made by substitution reaction with alcohol and halide
• How are alkenes formed from alcohols?

  By dehydration using an acid catalyst
• What can non-primary alcohols form during dehydration?

  Isomers (E/Z)
• What do alcohols produce when they burn?

  CO₂ and H₂O
• What is the color change when alcohols are oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate?

  From orange to green
• What do primary alcohols oxidize to?

  Aldehydes then carboxylic acids
• How is aldehyde separated during oxidation of primary alcohols?

  By distillation
• What do secondary alcohols oxidize to?

  Ketones under reflux
• Do tertiary alcohols oxidize?

  No, they do not oxidize
• What do secondary alcohols oxidise to?

  Ketones
• What do tertiary alcohols oxidise to?


  They do not oxidise
• How are aldehydes separated during primary alcohol oxidation?

  Distillation
• What conditions form carboxylic acids during primary alcohol oxidation?

  Reflux