Chapter 15 HALOALKANES

• What type of bonds do haloalkanes have?

  Polar bonds
• Why are haloalkanes attacked by nucleophiles?

  They have polar bonds that attract nucleophiles
• Name two examples of nucleophiles.

  Ammonia and hydroxide ions
• What do haloalkanes form when they react with hydroxide ions?

  An alcohol and a halide
• What conditions are required for haloalkanes to react with hydroxide ions?

  Warm conditions and reflux
• What do haloalkanes react with to form an alcohol and nitrogen?

  Water
• How does the reactivity of haloalkanes change down the group?

  Reactivity increases down the group
• What determines the reactivity of haloalkanes?

  Bond enthalpy/bond strength
• Which C-F bond is the strongest?

  C-F bond
• Which C-I bond is the weakest?

  C-I bond
• What do chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) break down in the atmosphere?

  Ozone
• How are CFCs broken down in the atmosphere?

  By UV light forming radicals
• What is the initiation step in the breakdown of CFCs?

  CFC + UV light → CCl, F + Cl
• What is produced in the propagation step of CFC breakdown?

  ClO and O2
• What is the termination step in the breakdown of ozone?

  Cl + O3 → ClO + O2
• What was the purpose of the 1989 Montreal Protocol?

  To ban CFCs by 2000
• What are HFCs used for?

  As temporary substitutes for CFCs
• What are HFCs considered to be?

  Potent greenhouse gases
• What inert gas is used as a propellant in pump sprays?

  Nitrogen
• What is ammonia used for in industrial applications?

  As a refrigerant
• Why is ozone important for health?

  It absorbs harmful UV radiation
• What type of radiation is ozone effective against?

  UV radiation
• What is the effect of UV radiation on health?

  It is carcinogenic