Bio chap 3

• What is one function of water?

  Reactant in chemical reactions
• How does water help with temperature control?

  High specific heat capacity
• Why is water considered a good solvent?

  It dissolves many substances easily
• What is the structure of a water molecule?

  Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
• What causes the polarity of water?

  Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms
• How do you draw a water molecule?

  Include delta charges and hydrogen bond
• What is hydrogen bonding in water?

  Attraction between oxygen and hydrogen atoms
• What is one property of water?

  High specific heat capacity
• How do hydrogen bonds contribute to water's high specific heat capacity?

  They absorb a lot of energy
• Why is high specific heat capacity useful for water?

  Prevents rapid temperature changes
• How do hydrogen bonds result in water's high latent heat of evaporation?

  Requires energy to break hydrogen bonds
• How does high latent heat of evaporation make water useful?

  Good for cooling surfaces
• How does cohesion in water benefit its function?

  Helps water flow for transport
• How do hydrogen bonds result in water's low density as a solid?

  Molecules form a lattice structure in ice
• How does low density of ice benefit aquatic life?

  Insulates water below, preventing freezing
• How do hydrogen bonds make water a good solvent?

  Polar nature attracts ions and molecules
• How does being a good solvent make water useful?

  Important ions dissolve in blood
• What are macromolecules?

  Complex molecules with large molecular mass
• What are polymers?

  Large molecules made of monomer chains
• How are biological monomers formed?

  Through condensation reactions
• How can biological polymers be broken down?

  Using hydrolysis reactions
• What elements make up carbohydrates?

  C, H, O
• What elements make up lipids?

  C, H, O
• What elements make up proteins?

  C, H, O, N, S
• What elements make up nucleic acids?

  C, H, O, N, P
• What is starch a mixture of?

  Two polysaccharides of alpha glucose
• What are the two polysaccharides that make up starch?

  Amylose and amylopectin
• Describe the structure of amylose.

  Long, unbranched chain of alpha glucose
• What gives amylose its coiled structure?

  Angles of glycosidic bonds
• How do hydrogen bonds affect amylose's structure?

  They help hold amylose in its helical structure
• Why is the structure of amylose useful?

  It makes amylose compact for storage
• Describe the structure of amylopectin.

  Long branched chain of alpha glucose
• How does the structure of amylopectin make it useful?

  Side branches allow easy access to glycosidic bonds
• What is glycogen used for?

  Main energy storage material in animals
• Describe the structure of glycogen.

  Polysaccharide of alpha glucose with more branches
• How does the structure of glycogen make it useful?

  Lots of branches allow quick glucose release
• What is cellulose used for?

  Major component of cell walls in plants
• Describe the structure of cellulose.

  Long, unbranched chains of beta-glucose
• How do beta-glucose molecules bond in cellulose?

  They form straight cellulose chains
• How are cellulose chains linked together?

  By weak hydrogen bonds