Organic #2

• What do organic compounds contain?

  Carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and oxygen
• Name three common families of organic compounds.

  Alkanes, alkenes, alcohols
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  $C_nH_{2n+2}$
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  $C_nH_{2n}$
• What are isomers?

  Compounds with the same molecular formula
• What are structural isomers?

  Isomers that differ in how atoms are bonded
• What are functional isomers?

  Isomers that differ in functional groups
• What is the molecular formula for butane?

  C4H10
• What is the molecular formula for 2-methylpropane?

  C4H10
• What is crude oil composed of?

  Mixture of hydrocarbons from ancient biomass
• How is crude oil separated?

  By fractional distillation based on boiling points
• Name two fractions obtained from crude oil.

  Petrol and diesel
• What are the steps in the fractional distillation process of crude oil?

  1. Crude oil is heated and vaporized.
  2. Vapors rise through a column with a temperature gradient.
  3. Substances condense at different heights based on boiling points.
• What is the purpose of cracking in organic chemistry?

  To convert long-chain alkanes into shorter alkanes and alkenes
• What is catalytic cracking?

  Cracking that uses a catalyst
• What is steam cracking?

  Cracking that uses high temperature
• Write the equation for the cracking of decane.

  $C_{10}H_{22} \rightarrow C_{8}H_{18} +$$C_{2}H_{4}$
• What is complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

  Hydrocarbon + O2 → CO2 + H2O
• What is incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?

  Hydrocarbon + O2 → CO + C + H2O
• What toxic gas is produced from incomplete combustion?

  Carbon monoxide (CO)
• What are alkanes?

  Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  $C_nH_{2n+2}$
• How do alkanes generally react?

  Only in combustion and substitution reactions
• What are alkenes?

  Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  $C_nH_{2n}$
• What type of reactions do alkenes undergo?

  Addition reactions with halogens, hydrogen, and water
• Write the equation for the reaction of ethene with bromine.

  $C_{2}H_{4} +$$Br_{2} \rightarrow C_{2}H_{4}Br_{2}$
• What is the functional group of alcohols?

  −OH
• What is the general formula for alcohols?

  $C_nH_{2n+1}OH$
• What are some uses of alcohols?

  Fuels, solvents, and beverages
• What is the molecular formula for ethanol?

  C2H5OH
• What are the two methods for producing ethanol?

  1. Fermentation of glucose by yeast.
  2. Hydration of ethene using a catalyst.
• Write the equation for fermentation of glucose.

  $C_{6}H_{12}O_{6} \rightarrow 2C_{2}H_{5}OH +$$2CO_{2}$
• Write the equation for the hydration of ethene.

  $C_{2}H_{4} +$$H_{2}O \rightarrow C_{2}H_{5}OH$
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

  −COOH
• How do carboxylic acids behave chemically?

  They react with metals, carbonates, and bases
• What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

  $C_nH_{2n+1}COOH$
• What is the molecular formula for ethanoic acid?

  CH3COOH
• Write the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium carbonate.

  $2CH_{3}COOH +$$Na_{2}CO_{3} \rightarrow 2CH_{3}COONa +$$H_{2}O +$$CO_{2}$
• How are esters formed?

  By the reaction of alcohols and carboxylic acids