Equations

• What is the formula for calculating moles?

  $\text{Moles} =$$\frac{\text{Mass (g)}}{\text{Relative Formula Mass (Mr)}}$
• How is concentration calculated?

  $\text{Concentration (mol/dm}^3\text{)} =$$\frac{\text{Moles}}{\text{Volume (dm}^3\text{)}}$
• What is the volume of a gas at RTP formula?

  $\text{Volume (dm}^3\text{)} =$$\text{Moles} \times 24$
• How is percentage yield calculated?

  $\text{Percentage Yield} =$$\frac{\text{Actual Yield}}{\text{Theoretical Yield}} \times 100$
• What is the formula for atom economy?

  $\text{Atom Economy} =$$\frac{\text{Mr of Desired Product}}{\text{Sum of Mr of All Reactants}} \times 100$
• How do you calculate the empirical formula?

  Divide each element’s mass by its Ar, then simplify ratios
• What is the formula for energy change in bonds?

  <latex}\Delta H = \sum \text{Energy of Bonds Broken} - \sum \text{Energy of Bonds Made}</latex>
• What does the calorimetry formula represent?

  $q =$$mc\Delta T$ represents energy transferred
• What does 'm' represent in the calorimetry formula?

  Mass of solution (g)
• What is the specific heat capacity value used in calorimetry?

  4.18 J/g°C
• How is the rate of reaction calculated?

  $\text{Rate} =$$\frac{\text{Change in Quantity}}{\text{Time Taken}}$
• What can be used to measure the rate of reaction?

  Volume, mass, or concentration
• What is the formula for the concentration of ions in acids?

  $[H^+] =$$10^{-\text{pH}}$
• What is the charge formula in electrolysis?

  $Q =$$It$
• What does 'I' represent in the electrolysis charge formula?

  Current (A)
• What does 't' represent in the electrolysis charge formula?

  Time (s)
• How is mass of product formed related to charge transferred?

  Mass ∝ Charge Transferred
• What is the formula for calculating the percentage of gas in air?

  $\text{Percentage} =$$\frac{\text{Volume of Gas Used}}{\text{Total Volume of Air}} \times 100$
• What is the complete combustion equation for hydrocarbons?

  $\text{Hydrocarbon} +$$\text{O}_2 \rightarrow \text{CO}_2 +$$\text{H}_2\text{O}$
• What is the fermentation equation?

  $\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 \rightarrow 2\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH} +$$2\text{CO}_2$
• What is the equation for producing ethanol from ethene?

  $\text{C}_2\text{H}_4 +$$\text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}$
• What is the reaction of a metal with an acid?

  $\text{Metal} +$$\text{Acid} \rightarrow \text{Salt} +$$\text{Hydrogen}$
• What is the reduction of metal oxides equation?

  $\text{Metal Oxide} +$$\text{Carbon} \rightarrow \text{Metal} +$$\text{CO}_2$
• What are the flame test colors for lithium, sodium, and potassium?

  Lithium: Red, Sodium: Yellow, Potassium: Lilac
• What is the reaction of carbonates with acid?

  $\text{Carbonate} +$$\text{Acid} \rightarrow \text{Salt} +$$\text{CO}_2 +$$\text{H}_2\text{O}$
• What are the precipitation reactions for halides?

  Cl−: White, Br−: Cream, I−: Yellow (AgNO3 Test)
• What is the molar gas volume at RTP?

  24 dm³/mol
• What does RTP stand for in chemistry?

  Room Temperature and Pressure