A01

• Behaviourists believe that all behaviour is learned, only studying behaviour that is observable and measurable – it is not concerned with mental processes of the mind. This approach suggests that basic learning processes are the same across all species and thus animals can replace humans as experimental subjects. 
• Classical conditioning is learning through association. Pavlov demonstrated this by teaching his dog to salivate at the sound of a bell. Pavlov repeatedly paired the sound of the bell (neutral stimulus, which produces no response) with the food (unconditioned stimulus, which produces salivation response). After conditioning, the dog learned to associate the sound of the bell with the food and would salivate (conditioned response) at the sound of the bell (conditioned stimulus).
• Operant conditioning is learning behaviour through consequences i.e. reinforcement and punishments. A reinforcement means a behaviour is more likely to be repeated. A positive reinforcement refers to receiving a reward for a desirable behaviour whereas a negative reinforcement is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. Lastly, a punishment is an unpleasant consequence for a behaviour which is not desirable.