LTM - Tulving

• Procedural memory

  Knowing how to do something
• Semantic memory

  General knowledge
• Episodic memory

  Personal recollection
• Flashbulb memory

  A detailed vivid memory of an event which is stored after one occasion and lasts a lifetime
• Nature of semantic memory

  Mental encyclopaedia
• What did Tulving propose about the LTM?

  It was divided into episodic and semantic memory
• Nature of episodic memory

  Mental diary
• Time referencing of semantic memory

  No time referencing, input can be fragmented
• Time referencing of episodic memory

  Time and context references, input is continuous
• Semantic memory retrieval

  Retrieval possible without learning, no cues
• Episodic memory retrieval

  Using cues, encoded at the point of learning
• Semantic memory forgetting

  Memory trace is more robust and less susceptible to transformation
• Episodic memory forgetting

  Due to retrieval cue failure, memory trace can be transformed or changed
• Butterworth (2002) Dr S case study

  Dr S, a neurologist fell while skiing and damaged his brain
• Dr S episodic memory

  When people caught up with him he thought his wife looked extremely old and he did not recognise some of his younger colleagues. This meant a loss of episodic memory and the last 25 years were blank to him
• Dr S semantic memory

  When at a hospital he had a brain scan and diagnosed himself with transient global amnesia, which he would've learnt in the past 25 years. This showed an intact semantic memory
• Dr S procedural memory

  He could still ski which showed the existence of a procedural memory
• Clive Wearing procedural memory

  When asked if he could play piano he said no but then it turns out he could (procedural)
• HM case study

  Hippocampus removed so episodic and semantic memory damaged. Could not remember what he had for breakfast but could learn how to play tennis
• Tulving (1985) addition to the LTM

  Added the procedural memory for skills and abilities
• Application for brain damaged patients

  People tend to retain episodic memory with personal history but had issues updating their episodic memory and creating semantic memory
• Application for dementia

  Distinction between semantic and episodic helps understand dementia. Showing patients meaningful things and getting them to talk can help cognitive stimulation therapy
• Procedural Memory

  the memory of how to do things. It includes tying shoelaces, writing, tapping in your banking PIN and using a knife and fork. You may retain procedural memories even after you have forgotten being taught to do these things in the first place
• Declarative Memory

  the memory of meaningful events. You might remember being taught to play the guitar, even if you’ve forgotten how to do it
• Tulving's LTM Model

  A) Declarative

  B) Procedural

  C) Episodic

  D) Semantic

  
• Tulving LTM opposing evidence: Squire and Zola (1998)

  • examined children with amnesia (never acquired a semantic store in the first place)
  • and adults with amnesia (had semantic and episodic memories before suffering brain damage)
  • The participants' episodic and semantic memories seem to be equally impaired which supports the idea that the two memory functions are linked or even the same thing