language change

• borrowing - taking another word from a different language
• compounding - when two words are combined to form a new one e.g. notebook
• neologisms - a newly developed or coined word that has started to fall into mainstream
• lexical loss - when words start falling out of use
• standardisation - how similarly everyone uses language
• pejoration - a change for the worst of a word
• amelioration - the upgrading of a words meaning
• semantic change - how the meaning of a word changes
• narrowing - the meaning of a word becomes more specific
• broadening - the meaning of a word becomes more non-specific
• baileys wave model (1973) - geographical distance has an impact on language change spread
• chens s curve model (1972) - people pick up language at a gradual rate and it accelerates and spreads before dropping again
• david crystal - text speak enriches language (descriptivist)
• john humprhy - texting and keyboard language taking over, a good dictionary is a fine thing (prescriptivist)
• johnathan swift - language should be fixed forever frozen in time and protected (prescriptivist)
• functional shift - a change in the grammatical function of a word
• caxtons press (1476) - first ever made and made identical copies of text
• johnsons dictionary (1755) - largest but not the first
• robert lowth - "lack of advances in grammatical accuracy" (prescriptivist)
• rees-mogg - list of banned words and phrases to staff
• logograms - symbols used in writing (@)
• acronyms - letters taken from words (LOL)
• phonological change - sounds in language change overtime
• the great vowel shift - 1400s + 1700s change in the way vowels were pronounced
• lost superlatives - forms of adjectives that have fallen out of use
• vowel deletion - removing a, e, i, o, u from words (shortening)
• number homophones - using numbers in the place of words (got 2 go)
• the queens english society - treat english as though it is an object to be owned
• old english (5th century) - developed from the jutes, angles and the saxons
• middle english (11th century) - the 100 years war, normans invade and many borrowings from the french and latin in English vocab
• early modern english (15th century) - william caxton introduced the printing press and first english dictionary was introduced
• modern english (18th century) - british empire brought back new words and education
• present day english (20th century) - influence of the media, tech and travel
• jean aitchison damp spoon metaphore - the only lazy speech is drunk speech whereas others argue it could be laziness or sloppiness
• jean aitchison crumbling castle metaphore - there was never a perfect time where language was used correctly by all
• jean Aitchison infectious disease metaphore - we pick up change because they want to and choose appropriate language for their contect
• the inkhorn controversy - a debate in the 16th and 17th centuries about whether English should borrow lots of new words from foreign languages (like Latin, Greek, and French) or stick to its native roots
• Prosody - non-verbal feature