Nucleophilic substitution

• Haloalkane to nitrile

  The halogen goes through nucleophilic substitution to produce a nitrile ( e.g chloropropane would turn to butanenitrile )

  • It requires a CN- ion (cyanide )
  • In ethanolic conditions
  • Reagents is KCN
• Halogenalkanes to alcohol

  Halogenalkanes go through nucleophilic substitution to produce an alcohol

  • It needs OH- ions
  • Warm and aqueous conditions
  • Reactant is NaOH
• Halogenalkanes to 1°amine

  Halogenalkanes go through nucleophilic substitution to form 1°amime

  • They require an excess of ammonia ( NH3 )
  • In ethanol
• Haloalkane to 2°/3° amines and 4° alkyl ammonium salt

  Haloalkanes go through nucleophilic substitution to form 2°/3° amines and 4° alkyl ammonium salt.

  • They require an excess of haloalkanes
  • In ethanoic conditions
  • Reagents is 1°,2°, 3° amines