URBAN FUTURES

• define urban/urbanisation


  URBAN - a built up area, EG town/city

  URBANISATION - the increase in proportion of people living in towns/cities
• why does more than half of world live in urban areas?


  people don't need to farm anymore

  people move to cities for reasons such as better jobs, transport, healthcare, education
• URBAN GROWTH RATE IN ACs/EDCs+LIDCs

  ACs -

  • most sustained during IR
  • Europe+ N. America peak growth in 1950s or earlier
  • BABY BOOM after WW2 and new houses built = URBAN SPRAWL

  EDCs/LIDCs

  • urbanisation fastest in poorer countries
  • economic development = rural-urban migration
  • migrants have kids = NATURAL GROWTH
• WORLD CITIES


  cities considered important to global economy EG New York, Tokyo

  • headquarters of multinational companies
  • important port facilities
  • cultural oppurtunities
  • high standard universities
• MEGACITIES


  city with population over 10 million people

  grow through combination of rural-urban migration, natural increase, international migration
• CAUSES OF URBANISATION IN EDCS + LIDCs

  • RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION (push+pull factors)
  • INTERNAL GROWTH
• push + pull factors leading to urbanisation in EDCs and LIDCs

  PUSH -

  unemployment

  lack of safety

  lack of services

  poverty

  crop failure

  drought

  civil unrest

  PULL -

  better employment opportunities

  safer atmosphere

  better service provision

  fertile land

  political security
• consequences of urbanisation in LIDCs


  RURAL AREAS -

  positives: less job competition, more space, money sent back to village

  negatives: elderly do manual work, population decline

  URBAN AREAS -

  positives: young adults = good work force

  negatives: overcrowded, slum growth, services pressure, air pollution
• SLUMS - why do they grow?

  SLUMS - informal squatter settlement, where poor migrants make their own homes

  They grow due to:

  • rural-urban migration
  • unemployment
  • poor urban planning
  • poor infrastructure
• MUMBAI CASE STUDY


  India is an EDC

  Mumbai is in state of Maharashtra
• regional/national/international importance of Mumbai

  REGIONAL -

  Maharashtra. rural-urban migration

  farmers grow produce in rural areas and sell in MUMBAI = TRADE

  NATIONAL -

  'commercial capital' of India

  HQs of TNC companies = boosts economy

  INTERNATIONAL -

  Bollywood is one of largest centres of film production in world

  commerce --in world's top 10 centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow. BT + Suzuki + Toyota + Canon have invested in Mumbai

  trade -- Mumbai exports pharmaceutical goods, textiles and gems through port to places such as Singapore, NYC, Hong Kong
• push and pull factors to Mumbai

  PUSH -

  • lack of jobs
  • drought
  • lack of functioning services

  PULL -

  • job availability
  • better education
  • better healthcare
• consequences of urban growth in Mumbai - housing

  5 people per bedroom

  houses no windows

  asbestos roofs - dangerous if broken

  no fire safety

  NEGATIVE
• consequences of urban growth in Mumbai - sanitation

  sewage water filters into water used to wash clothes

  500 share 1 toilet

  4,000 cases a day of diphtheria and typhoid
• consequences of urban growth in Mumbai - employment

  85% of slum-dwellers have job

  some even become millionaires
• consequences of urban growth in Mumbai - healthcare

  Mumbai has more hospitals than any other Indian city

  affordable = locals afford them
• consequences of urban growth in Mumbai - education

  world renowned university

  over 1,000 primary + secondary schools

  free education certain ages
• WAYS OF LIFE IN MUMBAI

  housing + education inequality
• HOUSING INEQUALITIES IN EDC (MUMBAI)

  RICH

  • tower blocks
  • Mukesh Ambani built 27-storey tower block house, includes helipads, 6 parking floors, several swimming pools

  SLUM DWELLERS

  • cheaply made houses, overcrowded
  • water available 2 hours a day
  • 500 share 1 toilet
  • 4000 cases of disease daily due to dirty water
• EDUCATION INEQUALITIES IN EDC (MUMBAI)

  PRIVATE SCHOOLS

  • 30% of parents send their children
  • £600 a year
  • 8.30-3.30 school-day
  • range of subjects
  • qualified teachers

  DHARAVI SLUM SCHOOLS

  • high attendance, large class sizes
  • 2 subjects - Literacy + Maths
  • 2 sessions per day - morning/afternoon
  • poorly trained teachers
• challenges in Mumbai


  • poor housing conditions
  • traffic + congestion
  • waste disposal
• how is poor housing conditions a challenge in Mumbai?

  houses are purely built from cheap materials, water 2 hours a day, 300-500 share a single toilet

  CAUSE = rural-urban migration, people cannot afford expensive Mumbai housing so end up in slums

  CHALLENGING = 4,000 cases of disease a day. the cheap materials used to build the slums mean it's easier
• how is traffic + congestion a challenge in Mumbai?

  Lots of road users, 1.8 million vehicles = high pollution

  CAUSED BY =

  people in Mumbai earn relatively high, so buy cars - large engines produce more pollution. public transport systems are busy, people rather drive

  every day 450 new vehicles are registered
• how is waste disposal a problem in Mumbai?

  9400 tonnes of trash sent to dumping grounds each day

  CHALLENGE BECAUSE =

  creates health problems

  mosquitoes + flies + rodents breed here and carry disease

  creates lots of air, soil, water problems
• What is Sustainable Future Mumbai? Why is it happening?

  top-down government project to improve living conditions in Mumbai, including:

  • replacing slums with high-quality high-rise buildings
  • improving services EG schools, health centres, shops, infrastructure, jobs

  why?

  • high rise flats = growing population
  • housing crises - better standard of living
  • improve image of city
• SOCIAL IMPACTS OF VISION MUMBAI

  advantages:

  • many people in Dharavi will be given water supply + toilet = reduce disease
  • improvements to education + healthcare
  • concrete walls are watertight, people won't get flooded during monsoon season

  disadvantage:

  • flats are small, still overcrowding (3m by 3m)
  • only Dharavi residents from before 2000 will be houses
  • Dharavi residents who resided after 2000 will be homeless
• ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF VISION MUMBAI

  advantages:

  • creates 200K tertiary jobs - health, finance, entertainment
  • creates 500K jobs in building, retail, tourism
  • remove of slum = improve city image = increased investment

  disadvantages:

  • residents have to pay rent, not everyone will be able to afford
• ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS OF VISION MUMBAI

  advantages:

  • improved public transport (reduction of private vehicles)
  • waste and rubbish of slum will be removed

  disadvantages:

  • sunlight cannot reach the ground between the blocks = flora unable to grow
• define suburbanisation


  the process by which the suburbs grow as the city expands outwards
• define counter urbanisation


  movement of people outside cities and into the countryside
• define re-urbanisation


  the usage of initiatives to counter problems of inner-city decline
• causes + consequences of suburbanisation in ACs

  CAUSES

  • 1950s-1990s private transport mean people could begin commuting to work
  • high population density and congestion in centre
  • cheaper land and house prices further away from city centre

  CONSEQUENCES

  • local shopping centres, more primary schools
  • demand for retail parks
  • urban sprawl = GREEN BELTS DEVELOPMENT
• causes + consequences of counter urbanisation in ACs

  CAUSES:

  • younger people wanted to raise their kids in countryside (lower crime rate, larger houses)
  • older people wanted to retire to peace and quiet

  CONSEQUENCES:

  • urban areas became neglected and deteriorated
• causes + consequences of re-urbanisation in ACs

  CAUSES:

  • people wanted to move back to city = improved housing and transport
  • people in university needed nearby accommodation
  • greater choice of jobs

  CONSEQUENCES:

  • derelict building renovated
  • new homes built on BROWNFIELD SITES
  • quality of urban environments improve = investment
• brownfield sites


  Brownfield sites are previously developed lands that are underutilized, abandoned, or derelict
• green belt


  an area of open land around a city, on which building is restricted.
• AC CITY: BIRMINGHAM


  located in the UK

  midlands

  inland

  NW of London

  south of M6
• why is Birmingham regionally important in West Midlands?

  EDUCATION:

  • good higher education provision EG Aston University, Birmingham City University, Newman University
  • locals are able to study there = skilled workforce developing

  HEALTHCARE:

  • access to specialised medical facilities EG Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Children's Hospital
  • aids major health concerns for locals

  EMPLOYMENT:

  • large service sector + factory EG Bullring, Cadbury factory
  • reduces unemployment = provides locals jobs = boosts economy = reinvested into West Midlands
• why is Birmingham nationally important in England?

  CULTURE:

  Popular tourist destination, 4th most visited city in UK by foreign visitors EG Jewellery Quarter, Balti Triangle, Christmas market

  SPORTING:

  Aston Villa - 7 league titles and 1 European Cup

  Birmingham city

  culturally + historically significant
• why is Birmingham internationally important?

  PRODUCE:

  Cadbury factory uses Ghanian cocoa, provides employment for cocoa industry in Ghana

  MIGRATION:

  Asia, Syria, West Indies in 1950s-60s. Provided home for immigrants and those seeking refugee

  EDUCATION:

  12,000 international students in Birmingham universities. students from all across world have access to top universities

  REMITTANCES:

  Migrants sending money back, supports small families and villages in developing regions of the world