DYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT

• what is development and how do we measure it?

  development - measuring how developed one country is compared to other countries or countries in past

  measured by = economically, socially, culturally, technologically

  MOST IMPORTANT WAYS:

  • economic
  • human
• Brandt Line

  a visual depiction of the North-South divide between economies

  based on GDP per capita

  STRENGTHS:

  • clear, easy to understand

  WEAKNESSES

  • too simple
  • out of date (EG Saudi Arabia)
• ACs


  advanced countries

  wealthy, wide range of jobs and services

  developed financial markets, diversified economic structure with rapidly growing service sector
• EDCs


  Emerging and developing countries

  in transition between LIDC and AC

  do not qualify for Poverty Reduction + Growth Trust funding
• LIDCs


  poor, narrow range of jobs, few services

  eligible for Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust Funding from the IMF
• BRICs


  Brazil

  Russia

  India

  China
• MINTs


  Mexico

  Indonesia

  Nigeria

  Turkey
• HOW CAN WE MEASURE TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT?

  • ECONOMIC MEASURES

  GDP, GNI

  • SOCIAL MEASURES

  infant mortality, life expectancy, access to doctors, educational achievement

  • COMPOSITE MEASURES

  measures including a combination of indicators
• GDP


  GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

  total value of goods and services a country produces in a year
• GNI


  GROSS NATIONAL INCOME

  total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year including overseas income
• GDP PER CAPITA

  GNI PER CAPITA

  GDP DIVIDED BY POPULATION OF A COUNTRY

  GNI DIVIDED BY POPULATION OF A COUNTRY
• BIRTH RATE

  DEATH RATE

  number of live babies born per thousand in a population per year

  number of deaths per thousand in a population per year
• HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)

  number calculated using life expectancy, educational level, and income per head

  0-1

  least developed - most developed
• PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFCTING UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT

  • presence of raw materials
  • natural hazards
  • landlocked countries
  • climate
• DEVELOPMENT - presence of raw materials + natural hazards

  physical factors

  PRESENCE OF RAW MATERIALS

  • natural resources improve a country's level of development, exploiting the resource for the benefit of country. Most LIDCs are mineral rich but lack the expertise

  NATURAL HAZARDS

  • tropical storms limit future growth, destroy agriculture.
  • droughts lead to infertile land, no agriculture, high risk of poverty + malnutrition
• DEVELOPMENT - landlocked countries + climate

  physical factors

  LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES

  • 15 African countries are landlocked. Difficult to trade = goods have to be driven through to coast for ports for shipping.

  CLIMATE

  • diseases thrive in tropical climates, EG malaria and yellow fever because of humid heat. populations suffering from diseases are unable to work = restricting development
• HUMAN FACTORS AFFECTING UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT

  • access to clean drinking water
  • political instability
  • trade
  • education + literacy rate
• DEVELOPMENT - access to clean drinking water + political instability

  HUMAN FACTORS

  access to clean water

  • essential to health. dirty water = disease = unable to work = restricted development

  political instability

  • money could be used to fund weapons instead of developing country, corruption restricts development of country and is only given to those in charge
• DEVELOPMENT - trade + education rates

  HUMAN FACTORS

  trade:

  • LIDCs sell primary produce, ACs sell processed products. LIDCs have to compete with eachother, lowering prices

  education rates:

  • poorer country finds it more difficult to invest in education, HIGH DEPENDENCY RATE = paying back debts rather than investing in development
  • lower literacy rate = life restricted to farming = restricted development of country
• FACTORS THAT MAKE IT DIFFICULT FOR COUNTRIES TO BREAK OUT OF POVERTY

  DEBT

  TRADE

  POLITICAL UNREST
• why does debt make it difficult for countries to break out of poverty?

  LIDCs borrowed money at high interest rates to pay for development projects or recover from natural disasters

  poverty = most of these debts still unpaid = burden on countries

  some donor countries cancelled debts to enable LIDCs to develop
• why does trade make it difficult for countries to break out of poverty?

  LIDCs sell primary produce, high competition with each other, lowering prices

  poor harvest = less income

  more money in processing goods = ACs

  TNCs exploit LIDCs for raw materials + cheap labour

  LIDC DEVELOPMENT = better trade balance with more valuables traded, trade needs to be fair with producers get fair income for what they produce
• why does political unrest make it difficult for countries to break out of poverty?

  widespread government dissatisfaction

  sets back development by displacing people and disrupting services EG food production

  foreign businesses invest less

  lack of internal investment in services, healthcare + education
• CASE STUDY OF AN LIDC

  ZAMBIA
• ZAMBIA


  originally inhabited by different groups of African people

  many were farmers/herders

  land was taken over as a British colony in 1888, named Northern Rhodesia

  gained independence in 1964
• ZAMBIA POPULATION


  average life expectancy - 52 (low)

  2.9% population growth rate = high birth rat
• ZAMBIA SOCIETY


  almost 50% of country's population lives in poverty

  most in rural areas

  low literacy rates - 63%

  46% population are 0-14 years old
• ZAMBIA TECHNOLOGY


  limited development due to limited investment and low incomes
• ZAMBIA POLITICS


  became a British colony in 1888, named Northern Rhodesia

  gained independence from Britain in 1964
• ROSTOW MODEL


  model to show the stages of economic growth a country goes through in order to develop
• strengths/weaknesses of Rostow model

  strengths

  • simple graph to use
  • easy to compare more than one country on the graph

  weaknesses

  • based on development of ACs, especially doesn't apply to Asia and Africa
  • no specific timeframe given
• stages of Rostow model

  • STAGE ONE: subsistence based. little trade. farming, fishing
  • STAGE TWO: manufacturing starts to develop, infrastructure built, international trading begins
  • STAGE THREE: rapid intensive growth. large-scale industrialisation, increasing wealth
  • STAGE FOUR: lots of trade, mass production of goods, high levels of consumption as people are wealthy
• ZAMBIA AND ROSTOW MODEL

  STAGE 3

  high economic growth rate of 6.8%

  much higher than most ACs

  symbolised by Kariba dam

  attracted international Chinese investment

  established a manufacturing economy
• MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS - ZAMBIA

  • HALF NUMBER OF PEOPLE LIVING IN EXTREME POVERTY/SUFFERING FROM HUNGER
  • MAKE SURE ALL CHILDREN HAVE A PRIMARY EDUCATION
  • INCREASE NUMBER OF GIRLS/WOMEN IN EDUCATION + PAID EMPLOYMENT
• MDG 1 - ZAMBIA

  Half number of children living in extreme poverty or suffering from hunger

  poverty decreased, did not half. 57% 1990 to 41% 2010. Urban areas such as Lusaka saw much bigger poverty reductions

  ZAMBIA - LARGE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS
• MDG 2 - ZAMBIA

  MAKE SURE ALL CHILDREN HAVE PRIMARY EDUCATION

  most do
• MDG 3 - ZAMBIA

  increase number of girls and women in education and paid emplyoment

  ACHIEVED IN PRIMARY EDUCATION BUT NOT FURTHER EDUCATION
• political factors affecting Zambia's development

  when Zambia became independent in 1964, most power still head by Europeans

  IMF cancelled Zambia's debt

  Recent Chinese investment has led to infrastructure improvements
• social factors affecting Zambia's development

  • in 1980s, HIV/AIDs spread, increasing death rate
  • almost half of country in poverty
  • most live in rural areas in farming
  • low literacy rates - 63.4%
• environmental factors affecting Zambia's development

  • resource rich, EG copper
  • landlocked country - no coastline