RESOURCE RELIANCE

• 3 key natural resources

  • water
  • energy
  • food
• factors affecting demand of resources

  • GROWING POPULATION

  birth rates high in LIDCs + EDCs = lack of contraception access, young marriage

  decrease in death rates = better medical care, sanitation + living conditions

  • ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  LIDC + EDC getting richer, as a result they want similar lifestyle to AC countries and buy more appliances E.G. washing machines. also water piped into houses

  • FINITE SUPPLY
• HOW HAVE HUMANS MODIFIED THE ENVIORNMENT?

  • MECHANISMS OF FARMING AND COMMERCIAL FISHING TO PROVIDE FOOD
  • DEFORESTATION AND MINING TO PROVIDE ENERGY
  • RESERVOIRS AND WATER TRANSFER SCHEMES TO PROVIDE WATER
• MECHANISATION


  using lots of machinery (i.e. tractors) and technology

  this increases the amount of food that can be grown
• COMMERCIAL FARMING

  producing food to sell for a profit
• SUBSTINENCE FARMING


  when people farm to provide enough food for themselves and their families. This is done on a small-scale
• COMMERCIAL FARMING IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT

  • often 1 crop is grown, EG wheat = reducing biodiversity
  • soil erosion = when soil exposed its more likely to be eroded by wind and rain. Nutrients lost via leaching
  • herbicides and pesticide pollute soil and water supplies. damages food chain/web
• COMMERCIAL FISHING IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT

  • overfishing = too many fish have been caught, EG bluefin tuna are nearly extinct == massive ecosystem disruption
  • poison e.g. cyanide is used to kill and catch fish but it kills everything in the ecosystem
  • by-catching = fish accidentally caught in nets, thrown back into sea dead/dying
• causes of deforestation/mining to provide energy

  • GATHERING WOOD

  many of the poorest people in the world depend on it for cooking/heating

  • MINING + DRILLING

  large areas must be deforested for mining to take place so that companies can get to fossil fuels underneath the surface
• how does mining affect the environment?

  • SOIL POLLUTION

  mining and drilling releases toxic chemicals contained in rocks. these can get washed onto surrounding land, polluting soil

  • RIVER POLLUTION

  toxic chemicals get washed into local rivers. this type of pollution kills fish and plant species

  • AIR POLLUTION

  mining creates lots of dust containing chemicals, E.G. sulphur. burning fossil fuels releases sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, dissolving in rainwater to create acid rain. kills plants and contaminates rivers and lakes
• RESERVOIRS 


  less than 1% of water is freshwater

  in order to get more accessible water, reservoirs are created (stores of water)

  often man-made

  a dam is built across a river which floods in order to create a lake
• upstream impacts of reservoirs

  • LAND IS FLOODED

  destroys animal and plant habitats = biodiversity is reduced

  • dam blocks fish migration routes

  some fish unable to breed = reduce fish species population = disrupts food chain within rivers
• downstream impacts of reservoirs

  • less sediment = river has less energy

  = increased levels of erosions in deltas and estuaries = sea water extends further inland = impacts salinity of water and force species to migrate upstream

  • less flooding = less nutrients deposited on the flood plain

  = floodplain is less fertile and ecosystems can change
• define food security


  when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life
• 3 aspects to security

  • availability
  • food access
  • food utilisation
• PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING FOOD SECURITY

  • temperature

  crops won't grow in extreme temperatures

  • water supply

  suitable amount needed to grow food

  • pests, diseases, parasites

  crops can be destroyed by insects + diseases + parasitic plants
• HUMAN FACTORS AFFECTING FOOD SECURITY

  • poverty

  food insecurity when they cannot afford to buy food. farmers unable to afford seeds/tools

  • war and conflict

  conflicts disrupt farming and make distributing food more difficult. war can force millions to flee from their homes

  • waste

  lots of food is wasted. EG Vietnam has 25% of rice going to waste due to poor transport and storage. UK has 4.4. million apples thrown away every day
• UNDERNOURISHMENT


  % of population who are undernourished
• CHILD WASTING


  proportion of children under 5 with low weight for their age
• CHILD STUNTING


  proportion of children under the age of 5 who are short for their age
• CHILD MORTALITY


  the death rate of children under the age of 5
• GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX CALCULATED HOW?

  • UNDERNOURISHMENT
  • CHILD WASTING
  • CHILD STUNTING
  • CHILD MORALITY
• THEORIES OF 2050


  MALTHUS

  BOESERUP
• MALTHUS


  PESSIMIST
• BOSERUP


  OPTIMIST
• MALTHUS (PESSIMIST)

  population increases geometric rate = DOUBLING IN SIZE EVERY 25 YEARS

  food supply only increases at a arithmetic rate (1,2,3,4,5)

  = population growth quicker than rate of food supply

  crisis would lead to:

  • positive checks = disease + famine, increasing the death rate and reduces total population
  • preventative checks = things to reduce population (EG contraception - although was religious and didn't believe)
• BOSERUP (OPTIMIST)


  as population grows, people invent new technology and better farming techniques

  for example, new chemical fertilisers being invented

  these allow more food to be produced so population growth can continue
• FOOD SECURITY CASE STUDY

  TANZANIA, EAST AFRICA

  51 MILLION POPULATION

  MOST PEOPLE LIVE IN RURAL AREAS
• TANZANIA FOOD SECURITY ON A LOCAL SCALE

  Goat Aid bottom-up approach

  Toggenburg goats imported - 3 litres of milk a day

  villagers trained to keep and care for the goats, goats given to villagers who had to pay back the charity for the cost over time
• evaluation of Babati Goat Aid

  SUCCESSES

  • goats milk = nutrition = improved food security
  • goats used for breeding = villagers sell offspring = increased income. farmers triple profit compared to non-GOAT aid farmers
  • money used to improve villager's quality of life i.e. water supplies, schooling for children and bricks used for housing

  CRITICISMS

  • goats need a lot of water (scarce in Babati)
  • goats hooves and grazing damage land = leading to desertification
  • small-scale projects only benefit a very small amount of people
• PAST NATIONAL STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE FOOD SECURITY

  • 1968-1983 Canada provided $95 million of aid to help grow wheat in the Hanang district of Tanzania
  • Canada gave seeds, training, and chemical fertilisers
  • at first free, then Tanzania had to pay
• TANZANIA-CANADA WHEAT PROGRAMME EVALUATION

  SUCCESSES:

  • provided 60% of all Tanzania's wheat
  • 121 Tanzanians received training in wheat production
  • road rail and electricity connections were improved

  CRITICISMS

  • cheaper to import Tanzania
  • most Tanzanians eat maize, cannot afford bread of wheat
  • only 1 crop was grown = biodiversity decline
  • only 400 jobs created
  • E.G. BARABAIGS graze cattle in Hanang Plains. villages burnt down Barabaig people threatened, burned, fined if they tried to carry out traditional nomadic lifestyle == THREATENED LIVELIHOOD OF 40,000 PEOPLE
• CURRENT TANZANIAN STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE FOOD SECURITY

  southern agricultural growth corridor of Tanzania

  SAGCOT - project beginning in 2010

  aims to improve farming by creating 'growth corridor' from east to west Tanzania

  aim - improve food security and earns money for Tanzania as they can sell the produce they grow
• EVALUATING SOUTHERN AGRICULTURAL GROWTH CORRIDOR OF TANZANIA

  current project with TNC investment

  ADVANTAGES

  • some farms produce 8x rice as before
  • better transport links means farmers can get to markets easily and get a better price of crops

  DISADVANTAGES

  • most of the money invested ends up benefiting large commercial firms
  • small landowners have not been involved in decision making
  • Nomadic tribes have lost their land to make way for big plantations
• ethical consumerism


  buying products that have positive social, economic and environmental impacts

  EG FairTrade = ensuring farmers are paid fairly and Rainforest Alliance products promote sustainable agricultural practises and further promote the values of biodiversity
• FAIRTRADE


  • Farmers are organised into a cooperative (a group that works together)
  • farmers receive a Fairtrade minimum price
  • farmers receive Fairtrade premium = additional payment on top of minimum price that goes to the cooperative
• SOCIAL/ECONOMIC/ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF FAIRTRADE

  social:

  • cooperative receives Fairtrade premium which is used to benefit community and pays for things such as hospitals and schools
  • improved workers rights

  economic:

  • Fairtrade minimum wage is fixed == farmers plan for their future
  • farmers trained in better farming methods
  • farmers can sell more products as they are connected to international markets

  environment:

  • farmers must stop using the worst chemical fertilisers and pesticides
• REDUCING FOD WASTE


  in ACs food waste = retail + consumer stage

  in LIDCs food waste = early stages of food supply chain
• how to reduce food waste?

  • buy and eat ugly - eat imperfect looking fruit and vegetables
  • plan ahead - planning meals/portion size
  • buy local food - less wastage during transportation
  • know the difference between best before and use by
• SOCIAL/ECONOMIC/ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF REDUCING FOOD WASTE

  SOCIAL

  • farmers in LIDCs and EDCs can afford a better and healthier diet
  • families are better off as they are not spending that much money

  ECONOMIC

  • farmers receive more income as more of their crops are sold

  ENVIRONMENTAL

  • less food waste mean less energy consumed so less CO2 emissions