4.2 Types & Methods of Practice

• What is varied practice?


  Changes regularly

  Takes place in difference environments and situations
• What are the uses of varied practice?


  Ideal for open skills

  Good at autonomous stage

  Good when the skill has already been learned via fixed practice

  Helps to form S-R bonds , develop kinesthesis and schema
• Disadvantages of varied practice?

  Basic skills must first be learned in fixed practice

  Too many stimuli may causes overload

  Can be confusing especially those in cognitive phase
• What is fixed practice?

  Involves a stable and predictable environment

  Practice is repeated
• What are the uses of fixed practice?

  Ideal for closed skills

  Good at cognitive stage

  Helps to over learn the skill

  Helps to form S-R bonds , develop kinesthesis and schema
• Disadvantages of fixed practice?

  Not suitable for open skills

  May become boring

  Does not prepare for game situation

  Can lead to chronic or overuse injuries
• What is massed practice?

  A continuous practice period

  No rest intervals
• What are the uses of massed practice?

  Ideal for discrete skills

  Good for simple or short duration skills

  Good at autonomous phase

  Good for experienced or older or more motivated performers

  Helps to groove or over learn the skill

  Helps to form S-R bonds , develop kinesthesis and schema
• Disadvantages of massed practice?


  Can be too exhausting

  Errors could increase due to repetitive and continuous nature of practice

  Can lead to chronic or overuse injuries
• What is distributed practice?


  Practice in short bursts

  Regular rest intervals
• What are the uses of distributed practice?

  Ideal for high energy continuous skills

  Good for complex and dangerous skills

  Good at cognitive stage or for less fit performers

  Time for rest, mental rehearsal, reinforcement & feedback

  Helps to form S-R bonds , develop kinesthesis and schema
• Disadvantages of distributed practice?

  Rest intervals may disjoint the practice, causing learning to be hindered (interrupted)

  Can be hard to regain intensity of practice or concentration after a break

  Long or frequent breaks can be demotivating
• What is kinethesis?

  The feel you get after/during the movement
• What are S-R bonds?


  Stimulus response
• Example of varied practice


  Hockey player passing in different practice situations
• Example of fixed practice


  a javelin throw
• Example of massed practice?

  repetitive and continuous driving in golf
• Example of distributed practice


  Sprinting

  Swimming
• What is part practice?


  A skill is broken dow into sub-routines

  Sub-routine is practiced separately
• what are the advantages of part practice?


  Good for low organisational skills

  Good for complex and dangerous skills

  Reduces amount of information being processed

  Good for fine tuning
• What are the disadvantages of part practice?


  No kinethesis sense

  Time consuming

  Far transfer
• Example of part practice?


  tennis serve can be broken down into ball toss, grip, stance, ball contact and follow through
• What is whole practice?

  Practice the entire skill

  Not broken down into sub-routines
• what are the disadvantages of whole practice?


  hard for cognitive learners

  hard to isolate errors

  some skills are to dangerous
• Example of whole practice?


  sprinting

  golf swing
• What is progressive practice?

  Part isolated and practiced

  Next part is isolated and practiced

  1st and 2nd part practiced together

  A model of chaining
• what are the advantages of progressive practice?


  affective for serial skills

  reduces information overload

  builds relationship between components
• what are the disadvantages of progressive practice?

  time consuming

  no overall kinethesis sense until the end

  not good for high organisational skills
• Example of progressive practice?


  Breaststroke swimming

  Triple jump
• What is whole-part-whole practice?


  Practising the whole skill, then practising a sub-routine in isolation, then practising the whole skill again
• what are the advantages of whole-part-whole practice?


  benefits of whole and part

  good for error detection

  good for autonomous stage learners

  good for serial skills

  good low organisation
• what are the disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice?


  time consuming

  not good for groups

  not practical for beginners
• Example of whole-part-whole practice?

  Badminton serve

  Triple jump