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PSC3013
Lecture 4
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Cards (42)
What is the concept introduced regarding host-microbe interactions?
Host-microbe
cross talk
via shared
signaling molecules
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Which signaling molecules are mentioned in the context of host-microbe interactions?
Neurotransmitters
and
hormones
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What role does cortisol play in the microbiota-gut-brain axis?
Cortisol
is involved in the communication between the microbiota and the brain
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What is the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway associated with?
The role of
acetylcholine
(ACh)
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How do cholinergic receptors affect the immune response?
They
modulate
the immune response
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What is hypothesized about acetylcholine (ACh) in the context of health and disease?
ACh may be a key
cross kingdom
signaling molecule and determinant of health and disease
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How many microbial cells does the human body harbor?
Around
100 trillion
microbial cells
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What are complex multispecies communities of microorganisms called?
Microbiomes
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What dual role do microbiomes play in health?
They are vital for health but also major drivers of
disease
(
dysbiosis
)
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What is well established about the communication between the host and its microbiome?
There is communication between the host and its microbiome
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What are neurotransmitters?
Messengers that transmit signals from
nerve cells
to
target cells
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How do hormones function in the body?
They are secreted by
endocrine glands
and travel in the
bloodstream
to send messages
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What effect does norepinephrine have on Campylobacter jejuni?
It increases growth and virulence
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What is the effect of norepinephrine on Citrobacter freundii?
It increases growth
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How does Shigella sonnei respond to dopamine?
It increases growth
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What effect does dopamine have on Escherichia coli?
It increases growth and
virulence
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What is the effect of norepinephrine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
It increases growth and virulence
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How does Pseudomonas aeruginosa respond to GABA?
It decreases
virulence
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What effect does serotonin have on Escherichia coli (EHEC)?
It decreases
virulence
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How does acetylcholine affect Candida albicans?
It decreases
biofilm
and
virulence
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What can microorganisms do in terms of hormones and neurotransmitters?
They can
synthesize
and
respond
to hormones and neurotransmitters
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What neuropsychiatric disorders are associated with microbial endocrinology?
Autism spectrum disorders
and
schizophrenia
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How does microbial endocrinology relate to mood disorders?
It is associated with mood disorders like
depression
and
anxiety
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What neurodegenerative diseases are linked to microbial endocrinology?
Parkinson
disease,
Alzheimer
disease, and
Multiple Sclerosis
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What immune cells express the glucocorticoid receptor (GR)?
Many immune cells express the glucocorticoid receptor (GR)
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What properties does cortisol have?
It has
anti-inflammatory
properties and promotes
resolution
and repair
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How does cortisol affect neutrophil functions?
It
suppresses
neutrophil
functions
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What effect does cortisol have on classical macrophage function?
It
suppresses
classical
macrophage
function
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What does cortisol elevate in terms of immune response?
It elevates
IL-10
expression
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What cytokines does cortisol decrease the expression of?
It decreases
IL-1
,
IL-8
, and
TNF
expression
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How does cortisol affect antigen uptake in dendritic cells?
It stimulates antigen uptake but suppresses
maturation
and can drive
apoptosis
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What effect does cortisol have on T helper cell function?
It inhibits T helper cell function via
downregulation
of
cytokine expression
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How does cortisol affect B cells?
It reduces numbers of B cells and inhibits
IgG
but promotes
IgE
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What can chronic cortisol and persistent GR activation lead to?
It can lead to
desensitization
and drive a
pro-inflammatory
response
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How can microbes modulate the host immune system?
Via production of human
hormones
and
neurotransmitters
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What role do commensals play in immune responses?
They
downregulate
immune responses to live in harmony
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How do pathogens interact with the immune system?
They use
mechanisms
of immune evasion to gain a
pathogenic
advantage
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Which cells synthesize acetylcholine (ACh)?
Practically all living cells, including
bacteria
and fungi
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What is acetylcholine (ACh) classified as?
A
cytotransmitter
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What functions does ACh mediate within mammalian tissues?
ACh mediates
cell-cell
communication
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