Lecture 4

    Cards (42)

    • What is the concept introduced regarding host-microbe interactions?
      Host-microbe cross talk via shared signaling molecules
    • Which signaling molecules are mentioned in the context of host-microbe interactions?
      Neurotransmitters and hormones
    • What role does cortisol play in the microbiota-gut-brain axis?
      Cortisol is involved in the communication between the microbiota and the brain
    • What is the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway associated with?
      The role of acetylcholine (ACh)
    • How do cholinergic receptors affect the immune response?
      They modulate the immune response
    • What is hypothesized about acetylcholine (ACh) in the context of health and disease?
      ACh may be a key cross kingdom signaling molecule and determinant of health and disease
    • How many microbial cells does the human body harbor?
      Around 100 trillion microbial cells
    • What are complex multispecies communities of microorganisms called?
      Microbiomes
    • What dual role do microbiomes play in health?
      They are vital for health but also major drivers of disease (dysbiosis)
    • What is well established about the communication between the host and its microbiome?
      There is communication between the host and its microbiome
    • What are neurotransmitters?
      Messengers that transmit signals from nerve cells to target cells
    • How do hormones function in the body?
      They are secreted by endocrine glands and travel in the bloodstream to send messages
    • What effect does norepinephrine have on Campylobacter jejuni?
      It increases growth and virulence
    • What is the effect of norepinephrine on Citrobacter freundii?
      It increases growth
    • How does Shigella sonnei respond to dopamine?
      It increases growth
    • What effect does dopamine have on Escherichia coli?
      It increases growth and virulence
    • What is the effect of norepinephrine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
      It increases growth and virulence
    • How does Pseudomonas aeruginosa respond to GABA?
      It decreases virulence
    • What effect does serotonin have on Escherichia coli (EHEC)?
      It decreases virulence
    • How does acetylcholine affect Candida albicans?
      It decreases biofilm and virulence
    • What can microorganisms do in terms of hormones and neurotransmitters?
      They can synthesize and respond to hormones and neurotransmitters
    • What neuropsychiatric disorders are associated with microbial endocrinology?
      Autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia
    • How does microbial endocrinology relate to mood disorders?
      It is associated with mood disorders like depression and anxiety
    • What neurodegenerative diseases are linked to microbial endocrinology?
      Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and Multiple Sclerosis
    • What immune cells express the glucocorticoid receptor (GR)?
      Many immune cells express the glucocorticoid receptor (GR)
    • What properties does cortisol have?
      It has anti-inflammatory properties and promotes resolution and repair
    • How does cortisol affect neutrophil functions?
      It suppresses neutrophil functions
    • What effect does cortisol have on classical macrophage function?
      It suppresses classical macrophage function
    • What does cortisol elevate in terms of immune response?
      It elevates IL-10 expression
    • What cytokines does cortisol decrease the expression of?
      It decreases IL-1, IL-8, and TNF expression
    • How does cortisol affect antigen uptake in dendritic cells?
      It stimulates antigen uptake but suppresses maturation and can drive apoptosis
    • What effect does cortisol have on T helper cell function?
      It inhibits T helper cell function via downregulation of cytokine expression
    • How does cortisol affect B cells?
      It reduces numbers of B cells and inhibits IgG but promotes IgE
    • What can chronic cortisol and persistent GR activation lead to?
      It can lead to desensitization and drive a pro-inflammatory response
    • How can microbes modulate the host immune system?
      Via production of human hormones and neurotransmitters
    • What role do commensals play in immune responses?
      They downregulate immune responses to live in harmony
    • How do pathogens interact with the immune system?
      They use mechanisms of immune evasion to gain a pathogenic advantage
    • Which cells synthesize acetylcholine (ACh)?
      Practically all living cells, including bacteria and fungi
    • What is acetylcholine (ACh) classified as?
      A cytotransmitter
    • What functions does ACh mediate within mammalian tissues?
      ACh mediates cell-cell communication
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