psychology social influence

• What is the definition of conformity?

  Change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure.
• What are the three types of conformity?

  • Compliance
  • Identification
  • Internalisation
• What is compliance in the context of conformity?

  Compliance is when individuals change their public beliefs but not their private beliefs in response to pressure from others.
• What characterizes the changes made through compliance?

  Changes are superficial and temporary, reverting to normal behaviours once the individual is no longer part of the group.
• What does identification involve in conformity?

  Identification involves aligning with the group, adopting their beliefs while possibly not believing them privately.
• What is internalisation in the context of conformity?

  Internalisation is the deepest level of conformity where an individual accepts the majority's beliefs both publicly and privately.
• What drives internalisation as a form of conformity?

  Internalisation is driven by the desire to be correct.
• What does NSI stand for and what does it involve?

  NSI stands for normative social influence, which involves conforming to fit in and is emotionally driven.
• What does ISI stand for and when does it occur?

  ISI stands for informational social influence, occurring when an individual assumes the group has more knowledge during ambiguity or uncertainty.
• What was the main focus of the Asch experiment?

  The main focus was to identify the correct line that matched another line among confederates.
• What percentage of participants conformed at least once in the Asch experiment?

  75% of participants conformed at least once.
• What was the mean conformity rate in the Asch experiment?

  The mean conformity rate was around 32.8%.
• Why did participants conform in the Asch experiment?

  Participants conformed for social approval on an obvious and unambiguous task.
• What variables affect conformity according to the Asch experiment?

  • Group size variation
  • Unanimity
  • Task difficulty
• How did group size affect conformity rates in the Asch experiment?

  Conformity rates increased up to three group members, then plateaued.
• What effect did breaking the group's unanimity have on conformity rates?

  When a confederate broke the group's unanimity, the conformity rate dropped to 5.5%.
• How did task difficulty affect conformity in the Asch experiment?

  Increased task difficulty significantly raised the rate of conformity due to ISI.
• What are the pros and cons of Asch's experiments?

  Pros:

  • High internal validity due to standardized procedures.

  Cons:

  • Lacks temporal validity due to being over 70 years old.
  • Lacks ecological validity as it may not generalize to other cultures.
  • Lacks mundane realism as people conform more with friends.
• What does the original study of Asch support regarding normative social influence?

  The study supports that participants conformed to avoid social rejection on an obvious and unambiguous task.
• What happened to conformity rates when participants wrote their results secretly?

  Conformity rates dropped significantly when participants wrote their results secretly.
• How does task difficulty relate to ISI in the context of conformity?

  More ambiguous tasks lead participants to question their judgment, increasing reliance on confederates' judgments due to ISI.
• What are nAffiliators and how do they relate to conformity?

  nAffiliators are people with a strong need to be liked, leading to increased conformity.
• How does an internal locus of control affect conformity?

  People with an internal locus of control are less likely to conform as they believe they are responsible for their own actions.
• What is a challenge in studying conformity regarding NSI and ISI?

  It is difficult to separate between normative social influence (NSI) and informational social influence (ISI).
• What percentage of people in Ash's study refused to give a single incorrect response?

  25%
• What does resistance to social influence mean?

  It means being able to hold out against the pressure to conform or obey.
• What is the significance of the 35% of participants in Milgram's experiment who refused to continue to the highest shock level?

  It shows that a significant minority can resist authority under pressure.
• What are the two explanations of resistance to social influence discussed in the video?

  • Situational explanation: Social support
  • Dispositional explanation: Locus of control
• What is social support in the context of resistance to social influence?

  It is when an individual provides support by going against the group or authority figure.
• How does social support affect conformity?

  It breaks the unanimity of the group and provides an alternate group to belong to.
• In Milgram's study, what was the effect of having two Confederate teachers act as social support?

  The obedience rate dropped from 65% to just 10%.
• What was the result of Ash's unanimity variation?

  The conformity rate dropped from 32% to 5.5%.
• What does the presence of a dissenting Confederate in Ash's study demonstrate?

  It shows that having social support can significantly reduce conformity.
• What is locus of control?

  It is a personality characteristic that refers to how individuals perceive the causes of their experiences.
• Who created the locus of control scale?

  Julian Rotter
• How do individuals with an internal locus of control view their successes and failures?

  They see themselves as responsible for the outcomes of their actions.
• Why are individuals with an external locus of control less likely to resist social pressure?

  They feel less responsible for their actions and believe external factors control their lives.
• How does locus of control influence conformity?

  Individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to resist group pressure.
• What did Holland's replication of Milgram's study find regarding locus of control?

  37% of those with an internal locus of control refused to continue to the higher shock level.
• What does the correlation between locus of control and resistance to social influence suggest?

  It suggests that locus of control is only a partial explanation of resistance.