All of Edexcel CHEMISTRY Paper 2

• What is the focus of Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Paper 2?

  Topics 6 to 9 in chemistry
• What types of chemistry does the Edexcel GCSE cover?

  Higher, Foundation Tier, double combined, and separate chemistry
• What is the maximum number of electrons in the first shell?

  2 electrons
• How do electrons fill the shells around the nucleus?

  From the inside out, filling each shell
• What is the electron configuration of magnesium?

  2, 8, 2
• What distinguishes metals from non-metals in the periodic table?

  Metals donate electrons; non-metals accept electrons
• What are the atoms in group one called?

  Alkali metals
• How does reactivity change in group one metals?

  Increases down the group
• What are the atoms in group seven called?

  Halogens
• How does reactivity change in group seven non-metals?

  Decreases down the group
• What are group zero elements also known as?

  Noble gases
• What happens to metals when they lose electrons?

  They become positively charged ions
• What charge do group one ions have?

  1 plus
• How do transition metals differ in ion formation?

  They can donate different numbers of electrons
• What is the definition of the rate of reaction?

  Change in quantity divided by time
• What is an example of a reaction to measure rate?

  Hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulfate
• How can you visually determine the end of a reaction in the thiosulfate experiment?

  When the cross is no longer visible
• What does a graph of gas volume against time typically show?

  A curve that levels out
• What effect does temperature have on reaction time?

  Higher temperatures decrease reaction time
• How can the rate of reaction be increased?

  By increasing concentration, pressure, or surface area
• What is the role of a catalyst in a reaction?

  Reduces activation energy needed
• What is an exothermic reaction?

  Releases more energy than it consumes
• What is the practical setup for measuring temperature changes in a neutralization reaction?

  Use a polystyrene cup and thermometer
• What does a lower potential energy of products indicate?

  Higher kinetic energy and temperature
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C$n$H$2n +$$2$
• What is the process used to separate crude oil into fractions?

  Fractional distillation
• What is LPG in the context of crude oil fractions?

  Liquid petroleum gas
• How does viscosity change with alkane chain length?

  Longer chains are more viscous
• What is the difference between alkenes and alkanes?

  Alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond
• How can you test for an alkene?

  Add bromine water and observe color change
• What are the key concepts covered in Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Paper 2?

  • Groups in the periodic table
  • Rates of reaction
  • Energy changes
  • Fuels and Earth Science
• What are the properties of alkali metals?

  • One electron in outer shell
  • Reactivity increases down the group
  • Form 1+ ions when they lose electrons
• What are the properties of halogens?

  • Seven electrons in outer shell
  • Reactivity decreases down the group
  • Form 1- ions when they gain electrons
• What are the properties of noble gases?

  • Full outer shell of electrons
  • Very unreactive
  • Can react under special conditions
• What are the characteristics of transition metals?

  • Can donate different numbers of electrons
  • Generally harder and less reactive
  • Form colored compounds
• What factors affect the rate of reaction?

  • Concentration of reactants
  • Pressure of gas reactants
  • Surface area of solid reactants
  • Temperature
  • Presence of a catalyst
• What are the energy changes in chemical reactions?

  • Energy needed to break bonds
  • Energy released when bonds form
  • Exothermic reactions release energy
  • Endothermic reactions absorb energy
• What are the uses of hydrocarbons from crude oil?

  • Fuels (e.g., petrol, diesel)
  • Solvents
  • Lubricants
  • Detergents
  • Polymers for plastics
• What is the significance of the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes?

  • Indicates unsaturation
  • Allows for addition reactions
  • Tested by bromine water
• What is the process of fractional distillation?

  • Separates crude oil into fractions
  • Based on boiling points
  • Longer chains condense lower in the column