Attention 3

• What is a key characteristic of attention as discussed in the lecture?

  Attention is capacity limited.
• How can attention be described in terms of its focus?

  Attention can be selective.
• What does the evidence suggest about unattended or irrelevant information?

  Unattended or irrelevant information is usually not processed.
• What phenomenon describes the leakage of unattended information into the focus of attention?

  Slippage, leakage, or spillover of unattended information.
• What is one of the main topics of today's lecture?

  Failure to notice unexpected events or changes in the visual environment.
• What is the term used for failing to notice unexpected visual stimuli?

  Inattentional blindness.
• What is the term for failing to detect changes in the visual environment?

  Change blindness.
• What area of psychology is discussed in relation to attention?

  Neuropsychology of attention.
• What are large-scale attentional networks?

  Networks in different lobes of the brain that are interconnected and modulated by attention.
• What is spatial neglect?

  A condition where individuals fail to attend to one side of their visual field, often due to brain damage.

  
• How is inattentional blindness defined?

  It is when one fails to notice a readily visible yet unexpected visual stimulus in one’s sight.
• What was the aim of the gorilla experiment mentioned in the lecture?

  To see who spotted the gorilla and how many knew of the experiment beforehand.
• What does it indicate if a participant does not spot the gorilla in the experiment?

  It indicates inattentional blindness.
• What does it indicate if a participant fails to notice a curtain color change?

  It indicates change blindness.
• What percentage of participants noticed the gorilla when counting the white team passes?

  Approximately 42% noticed the gorilla.
• What percentage of participants noticed the gorilla when counting the black team passes?

  Approximately 83% noticed the gorilla.
• Who conducted the study involving a unicycling clown?

  Hyman et al. in 2010.
• Where was the study with the unicycling clown conducted?

  At Western Washington University.
• What were participants asked after crossing the square with the clown?

  They were asked if they noticed anything unusual and if they noticed the clown.
• How many groups were participants divided into during the clown study?

  Participants were divided into four groups.
• What were two specific groups of participants in the clown study?

  Cell phone users and music player users.
• What percentage of music player users noticed anything unusual?

  32% of music player users noticed anything unusual.
• What percentage of cell phone users noticed anything unusual?

  8% of cell phone users noticed anything unusual.
• What percentage of music player users noticed the clown?

  61% of music player users noticed the clown.
• What percentage of cell phone users noticed the clown?

  25% of cell phone users noticed the clown.
• What are some real-world examples of inattentional blindness?

  1. Chabris & Simons (2010) - "I never saw the bicyclist! He came out of nowhere."
  2. Drew, Vo + Wolfe (2013) - Expert radiologists often miss anomalies in CT scans even when looking directly at them.
• How is change blindness defined?

  It is a cognitive glitch wherein people fail to detect visual environmental changes.
• What does the TFL example illustrate about change blindness?

  It illustrates that there can be more changes than things that stay the same, and we notice very few.
• What is the purpose of the plane image example in studying change blindness?

  To spot what changes about the picture as it flickers between two images.
• What does the door study illustrate about change blindness?

  It shows that change can be hard to detect, especially when the change occurs slowly or behind an obstruction.
• What are some conditions that make change blindness more likely to occur?

  1. An empty frame shown between two pictures. 2. Temporary occlusion. 3. Changes occurring very slowly.
• What is a good overview reference for change blindness?

  Simons and Rensink (2005).
• What are the limits to change blindness?

  There are limits to what goes unnoticed; not everything can be ignored.
• What do change blindness and inattentional blindness have in common?

  Both involve a failure to perceive things that are easily seen once noticed and are due to a lack of attention.
• What is the main difference between change blindness and inattentional blindness?

  Change blindness involves failing to detect changes, while inattentional blindness involves failing to notice unexpected stimuli.
• How is change blindness defined in detail?

  It is a cognitive glitch wherein people fail to detect visual environmental changes.
• How is inattentional blindness defined in detail?

  It is when one fails to notice a readily visible yet unexpected visual stimulus in one’s sight.
• What role does memory play in change blindness?

  Memory is likely to play a role as one picture or movie scene needs to be compared to another.
• How can change blindness occur even when finding the change is the actual task?

  It can happen when the observer is performing another task, making it easier to miss changes.