Memory 1 :

• What distinction did William James make regarding types of memory?

  He distinguished between primary memory and secondary memory
• How does Sperling’s partial report procedure support the concept of iconic memory?

  It shows that iconic memory retains pre-categorical visual information for brief durations
• What is free recall in memory testing?

  Reproducing material from memory in an unconstrained way
• What is cued recall in memory testing?

  Reproducing a specific item from memory when given a specific cue
• What does recognition in memory testing involve?

  Deciding whether you have seen something previously when it’s presented to you again
• What are the types of recognition testing mentioned in the study material?

  • 2AFC (two alternative forced choice)
  • 4AFC (four alternative forced choice)
  • Yes/No recognition
• What are explicit tests of memory?

  Tests that require conscious recollection of information
• What is relearning in the context of memory testing?

  Learning something faster the second time even if there seems to be no memory of the previous learning
• How do laboratory tests compare to real-world memory tests?

  • Laboratory tests assume similar cognitive processes as real-world memory.
  • Autobiographical memory is the memory that makes up your whole life.
• Who proposed the modal multistore model of memory?

  Atkinson and Shiffrin
• What are the three memory systems in the modal model of memory?

  Sensory registers, short term store, and long term store

  
• How is memory held in the short term store?

  Memory is held for seconds and maintained by rehearsal
• What is the capacity and duration of long term store memory?

  Unlimited capacity and duration
• What did Jevons (1871) study regarding sensory memory?

  He studied the power of numerical discrimination
• What method did Averbach (1963) use to study memory?

  He used a tachistoscope to display patterns of dots for brief intervals
• What are the two types of memory defined by William James?

  Primary memory and secondary memory
• What did Averbach (1963) find regarding the number of dots counted with extra viewing time?

  The number of dots counted increased steadily with extra viewing time up to 150ms
• What is suggested to be the limiting factor in visual memory according to Averbach's findings?

  The size of visual memory
• What was the maximum recall of items when participants were asked to recall a whole grid of 12 items in Sperling's study?

  The maximum recall was 4/5 items
• How did performance change when participants had an immediate cue to recall just one row in Sperling's study?

  Performance was close to 100% accurate for that row
• What happened to performance when the recall cue was delayed by 1 second in Sperling's study?

  Performance dropped to about 30% accuracy
• What do Sperling's results traditionally support regarding sensory memory?

  They support the idea of a brief sensory store known as iconic memory
• What alternative interpretation of Sperling's results is suggested regarding memory decay?

  Results could be interpreted in terms of "output interference" instead of simple decay
• What did Sperling estimate the capacity of iconic memory to be?

  He estimated it at 9 items
• What does the research suggest about the duration of iconic memory compared to Sperling's estimates?

  Duration may be longer than Sperling’s estimates, possibly around 1.6 seconds
• What question is raised regarding the memory trace in relation to traditional short-term memory?

  Whether the memory trace needs a separate store or could be the same as traditional short-term memory