Moral Development

• What is morality according to the study material?

  An understanding of the difference between ‘right’ and ‘wrong’
• What are the two aspects of morality discussed?

  Intuition and reason
• What are the two main theories of moral development mentioned?

  1. Piaget's theory
  2. Kohlberg’s stage theory

  
• What is the first theory of moral development mentioned?

  Piaget's theory

  
• What are the two types of moral judgments according to Piaget?

  Moral realist and moral subjectivist
• What is the second theory of moral development mentioned?

  Kohlberg’s stage theory

  
• What do Piaget's stages of moral development focus on?

  Children's judgments about the relative naughtiness of actions

  
• What scenario do children use to make judgments in Piaget's theory?

  Judgments about the relative naughtiness of two boys
• What are the two scenarios children consider in moral judgments?

  Good intentions but large damage, and bad intentions but small damage
• Who are considered moral realists according to Piaget?

  Children below 7 years old
• What stage of development do moral realists belong to?

  Pre-operational stage
• On what basis do moral realists make judgments?

  Based on the scale of the damage
• Who are considered moral subjectivists according to Piaget?

  Children above 7 years old
• What stage of development do moral subjectivists belong to?

  Concrete operational stage
• On what basis do moral subjectivists make judgments?

  Based on the intention of the protagonist
• What questions arise regarding moral development after age 7?

  • What about cases where someone intentionally damaged property?
  • Is there a cognitive explanation?
  • Is moral development fully developed by age 7?
  • Is morality only based on understanding the difference between outcomes and intentions?
• What is the focus of Kohlberg’s moral dilemma?

  Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
• What is prosocial behavior?

  • Actions that benefit others
  • Includes altruism, helping, and sharing
  • Involves deciding between selfish and selfless actions
• How common are moral dilemmas in everyday life?

  Moral dilemmas are rare in everyday life
• What is more common than moral dilemmas according to the study material?

  Deciding between selfish and selfless actions
• What are examples of prosocial behaviors?

  • Altruism
  • Helping
  • Sharing
• When does the understanding of prosocial behaviors develop?

  It develops in infancy
• What do infants prefer according to the experiments mentioned?

  • Infants prefer those who help
  • They show a preference for helpers over hinderers
• What did Experiment 1 reveal about infants' preferences?

  6 and 10 month old infants preferred the helper over the hinderer

  
• What happened to infants' preferences when the eyes of the agent were removed in Experiment 2?

  Preferences disappeared when the eyes of the agent were removed
• What was the outcome of Experiment 3 regarding infants' preferences?

  Preference for helper and aversion to hinderer returned when compared to a neutral condition

  
• At what age do toddlers begin to help adults?

  18 months
• What do infants seem to understand about helping behaviors?

  Infants seem to understand others’ helping behaviors before they are able to help
• How do infants evaluate helpers?

  They evaluate helpers more positively by approaching helpers
• At what age do infants engage in helping behaviors?

  By 18 months
• What are the key aspects of sharing in children?

  • Norms vs actions
  • Understanding of sharing equally
  • Adherence to fairness principles develops around 7-8 years
• What do children understand about sharing at ages 3-8?

  They understand that it’s right to share equally
• When do children begin to adhere to fairness principles in sharing?

  Children don’t adhere to fairness principles until 7-8 years
• Why might sharing be considered more costly than helping?

  Perhaps sharing is more costly than helping
• What is the debate regarding the origins of antisocial behavior?

  Are we born fundamentally peaceful or with the capacity for violence and aggression?
• What influences the development of antisocial behavior?

  • Genetic influences (32% variation)
  • Environmental influences (43% variation)
  • Parenting style and child attachment
  • Peer group influences
• What did the meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies reveal about antisocial behavior?

  32% variation is due to genetic influence
• What percentage of variation in antisocial behavior is due to environmental influence?

  43% variation is due to environmental influence
• What are some environmental influences on antisocial behavior?

  • Style of parenting (coercive cycles)
  • Child attachment to parent
  • Peer group influences
  • Watching TV
• What type of study did Eron conduct in 1987?

  A longitudinal study