Attachment

• What is the importance of attachment in humans?

  Attachment is crucial for emotional security and social development.
• Who developed the attachment theory?

  John Bowlby developed the attachment theory.
• What did Ainsworth contribute to attachment theory?

  Ainsworth identified different attachment styles through her research.
• What is one of the learning objectives related to attachment?

  To describe the development of attachment according to Bowlby.
• How is attachment defined?

  Attachment is the bond that an infant forms with their primary caregiver.
• Why is attachment considered important from an evolutionary perspective?

  Attachment ensures the survival of vulnerable infants by securing care from adults.
• Why are human infants born in a vulnerable state?

  Human infants are born vulnerable due to their large brain size and incomplete development.
• What is the implication of needing intensive care during early childhood?

  It indicates that human infants require close and continuous attention from caregivers.
• How long does it take for humans to reach sexual maturity?

  Humans take 13-17 years to reach sexual maturity.
• What is the relationship between brain/body proportion and sexual maturity?

  As brain/body proportion increases, the time until sexual maturity also increases.
• What does the phrase "it takes a village" imply about human development?

  It implies that multiple caregivers contribute to a child's growth and development.
• Who is John Bowlby?

  John Bowlby is the founder of Attachment Theory.
• What are the five phases of attachment development according to Bowlby?

  The five phases are: indiscriminate orientation, preferential engagement, distress upon separation, goal-corrected partnership, and emotional closeness.
• What is the significance of the initial attachment according to Bowlby?

  It creates an 'internal working model of attachment' that influences future relationships.
• What did the meta-analysis of 27 samples reveal about attachment style?

  Attachment style at 12 months predicts attachment later in life.

  
• Who is Mary Ainsworth?

  Mary Ainsworth is a psychologist known for her work on attachment styles.
• What is the Strange Situation Procedure?

  It is a method designed to assess attachment styles in infants.
• What are the four attachment styles identified by Ainsworth?

  • Type A (Dismissive/Avoidant): Not distressed when alone, ignores caregiver.
  • Type B (Secure): May be distressed but recovers quickly, seeks proximity.
  • Type C (Anxious/Ambivalent): May be distressed or oblivious, seeks proximity but resists interaction.
  • Type D (Disorganized): No obvious pattern, inconsistent or bizarre responses.
• What is the universality hypothesis in attachment theory?

  The universality hypothesis states that most infants will become attached to at least one specific caregiver.
• What does the normativity hypothesis state?

  The normativity hypothesis states that most infants are securely attached in non-threatening contexts.
• What does the sensitivity hypothesis propose?

  The sensitivity hypothesis proposes that attachment security depends on sensitive and prompt responses to an infant's signals.
• What is the competence hypothesis in attachment theory?

  The competence hypothesis states that secure attachment leads to positive child outcomes.
• What are some reasons for cultural differences in attachment?

  Reasons include differing socialization goals and societal approaches to strangers.
• What does the universality hypothesis suggest about attachment figures?

  The universality hypothesis suggests that infants have an attachment figure in all examined cultures.
• What positive outcomes are associated with secure attachment in infancy?

  Secure attachment is associated with curiosity, social confidence, and fewer behavioral problems in childhood.
• What is a limitation of current knowledge regarding attachment research?

  Cross-cultural evidence is scarce, particularly in populous countries like India and many Islamic countries.
• What is the summary of the study material focused on?

  The summary focuses on the importance and implications of attachment in human development.