Development Across Cultures:

• What recent research area is mentioned in the study material?

  Recent research exploring cultural variability in social development
• What is a common assumption in developmental psychology regarding development timelines?

  Development has a specific, universal timeline.
• What does the assumption about development procedures suggest?

  Development follows a consistent procedure regardless of external factors.
• What is assumed about the methods used to study development?

  Methods used to study development are appropriate in different cultures.
• What are the problems with common assumptions in developmental psychology?

  • Ethnocentric evaluations of other cultures
  • Bias in who conducts research
  • Bias in who participates in research
  • Issues with methods and tools used

  
• What does WEIRD stand for in the context of samples and researchers?

  Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic
• What is culture described as in the study material?

  An umbrella term that encompasses social behaviour and norms of human society.
• How is culture characterized in terms of stability and variability?

  Culture is relatively stable over time, yet variable across communities.
• What shapes culture according to the study material?

  Culture is shaped by social learning.
• What strategies do young children use to learn about culture?

  Young children make use of multiple strategies that are features of social learning.
• What are the types of imitation mentioned in the study material?

  1. Imitation - learning to do an act from seeing it done
  2. Mimicry - unwittingly imitating the behavior of another person
  3. High-fidelity Imitation - copying another’s actions despite visible evidence that it’s causally unnecessary
• What does overimitation involve in children?

  Overimitation involves copying unnecessary actions demonstrated by others.
• What do children do when presented with opaque and transparent puzzle boxes?

  Children copy everything in both opaque and transparent conditions.
• What are the three examples of how culture impacts social development?

  Ownership reasoning, norms around sharing, and sharing and family structure.
• How does ownership reasoning reflect cultural values?

  • Extent of wealth
  • Generosity
  • Political ideals
• At what age do ownership concepts typically develop?

  Ownership concepts develop by 2 years old.
• What question does Rochat et al. (2014) explore regarding ownership?

  Do early intuitions about ownership reflect cultural values or universal principles?
• What did children in all cultures consistently attribute ownership to by age 5?

  Children consistently attributed ownership in the creation and familiarity conditions.
• What do children do in the fairness norms experiment by Blake et al. (2015)?

  Children play in pairs, with one child as the 'actor' who chooses to accept or reject the distribution of sweets.
• How do older children tend to react to unfair offers in the fairness norms experiment?

  Older children tend to reject unfair offers when they are disadvantaged by the distribution of resources.

  
• What is a notable behavior of children from Mexico, Peru, China, and Senegal regarding fair offers?

  These children are unlikely to reject fair offers that advantage them.
• What drives differences in resource allocation according to Weltzien et al. (2019)?

  Differences in resource allocation are driven by cultural specificity at both country and family levels.
• How did independence priming affect children's choices in the sharing game?

  Independence priming made children choose the selfish option more frequently.
• What was found to be more important than country-level variables in the sharing game?

  Family-level variables were found to be more important than country-level variables.