C.3

• Tension growing during early years of Charles reign

  - Were intense disagreements about Charles wanting little to do with parliament finding parliamnet arrogant
• - What was high in Charles Agenda

  - What was Tonnage and Poundage 1625

  - How much was given + how much he needed

  - How did Charles respond

  - High in Charles agenda was anti- Spanish foreign policy

  - needed £1 million so expected Parliament to special one off payments known as subsides + confirm his right to tonnage and poundage:

  • tax on imports and exports

  • since 1547 used to support navy

  • awarded by Parliament

  • normally confirmed once at beginning of new reign

  - Parliament granted 2 subsides worth £140,000

  - Charles saw limited grant of ton n pou as direct attack of his divine right.. so decided to ignore parliament and ordered tax collectors to continue collecting beyond fist year
• The forced loan 1626

  - Charles w/o financial help from Parliament resorted to asking county for voluntary gifts he could request through his prerogative

  - in 1626 very few volunteered so Charles demanded a forced loan;

  • all liable were summoned to public meetings where they were individually pressed to pay
• Opposition to the Forced Loan

  - Most were anonymous in their opposition

  - Others were open;

  • in 1627 Thomas Scot MP for Kent attacked Buckingham, writing subjects may disobey a kings command if is goes beyond the normal duty

  • Archbishop Abbot suspended for refusing a sermon defending forced loan
• The five Knights Case 1627

  - King ordered imprisonment of 76 gentry who refused to pay forced loan

  - in Nov 1627, 5 of 76 decided to force a confrontation by issuing a writ of HABEAS CORPUS; under this they had to be tried for an offence or be released

  - Charles had no choice but to take them to court, where he one the case but made many mad
• Conflict in the church in 1620's

  Which appealed to Charles?

  - conflict between Calvinism (Puritan and upheld predestination) and Arminianism (Looked Catholic all will be saved but not all choose it)

  - Some thought Arminianism was part of a spinster plot to undermine The Church of England

  - Arminian ideas appealed to Charles; he liked the order and hierarchy (divine right)
• The York house Conference 1626

  - was conducted in secrecy as per Charles request

  - for Warwick (Puritan who hosted theological debate at his home) the conference was to persuade Charles away from anti-Calvinism of Arminians

  - Charles wasn't persuaded
• Montagu's significance in creating religious divisions

  - Defended Arminianism

  - When Puritans in Parliament attacked Montagu's writings (like A New Gagg for an Old Goose), Charles personally defended him and even made him a bishop

  - This showed that Charles was supporting Arminians over Puritans
• Mansfield expedition 1624


  - military campaign persuaded by Buck n Charles to James I to support Frederick (Palatinate)

  - sent an army under control of a mercenary to join up with France force against Spain

  - Flopped as diplomacy broke down;

  • Louis XIII wanted help on another military mission first which James I refused

  • Louis XIII refused to guarantee a safe passage for Mansfield men through France, so they became marooned and wasted away
• The Cadiz expedition Sept 1625

  - Charles to support Fred decided to send invasion fleet to Cádiz port, financed by Henrietta's dowry £120,00

  - flopped;

  • failed to capture port or any Spanish treasure

  • men got drunk rendering them useless

  - Buckingham blamed as Lord high Admiral
• Relations with France (Richelieu)

  - Richelieu (Cheif minister in France) was determined to act in France interest; revealed in late 1625 when he refused to join an alliance agreed between united provinces and England

  - Richelieu used loaned English ships to defeat Huguenots (puritans) at La Rochelle.. embarrass for Charles as his attempts to recall ships were ignored by French

  - French agreed to seperate peace with Spain in Feb 1626 was disastrous for European Protestants; Buck blamed so wanted to remove Rich.. from power w/ uprising... this needed money so Charles recalled Parliament
• Attempted impeachment of Buckingham:

  - When

  - Why + Charles opinion

  - Who

  - Consequences + Charles action

  - May 1626

  - Parliament blamed Buck for flop in foreign policy whilst Charles blamed Parliament for insufficient funding

  - Sir John Eliot and Sir Dudley Digges directed attack on Buck in commons

  - once the hearings were heard in May 1626 Eliot and Digges were imprisoned in Tower of London

  - Charles dissolved 1626 Parliament to save Buck
• La Rochelle raids 1627-28

  - Late 1627 Buck hoped (w naval expedition) to ameliorate Huguenots under attach by Richelieu at La Rochelle

  - After back and forth w France, it was now ENG vs FRA + SPAN (due to F n S being at peace)

  - Bucks forces landed on Île de Rhé just off La Rochelle.. After months of deadlock a direct attack failed as English scaling ladders were too short

  - fleet sailed home was flop + wasted money
• Buckinghams flop expeditions statistics

  - Between 1624-28, 50,00 men served Buck 1/3 estimated died

  - Of approx. 8,000 soldiers only approx. 3,000 returned

  - Charles looked dum now and was poor too;

  • he recalled Parliament again in 1628