childhood

• How do sociologists view childhood?

  As something socially constructed by society
• What do sociologists argue about the concept of childhood?

  It differs across times, places, and cultures
• What did Aries argue about childhood in pre-industrial society?

  Childhood did not exist; children were 'little adults'
• How did Aries view children in the 19th century?

  Children were employed in mines and factories
• What type of sources did Aries use for his arguments?

  Qualitative secondary sources like letters and diaries
• What does the lack of a universal childhood suggest?

  Childhood is not a natural state across cultures
• What did Firth find in his studies in Tikopia?

  Children performed dangerous tasks like fishing
• What did Punch's study in rural Bolivia reveal about children?

  Children take on work responsibilities by age 5
• What does Pilcher argue is the most important feature of childhood?

  Separateness as a distinct life stage
• How is the separateness of childhood illustrated?

  Through laws regulating children's activities
• What is the idea of childhood as a 'golden age'?

  Childhood is viewed as a time of happiness and innocence
• Why are children considered vulnerable in society?

  They need protection from adult world dangers
• What does Rogers agree with Pilcher about childhood?

  Children are vulnerable and need protection
• What is the control view of childhood according to Rogers?

  Children are seen as wicked and sinful
• How do the views of childhood differ according to Rogers?

  Between the welfare view and control view
• What do most sociologists argue about industrialization's impact on childhood?

  It brought about the modern western idea of childhood
• What is one effect of compulsory education introduced in the 1880s?

  Increased period of dependency for children
• What did the 1889 Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act aim to do?

  Protect children from abuse and neglect
• How have declining family size and lower infant mortality rates affected childhood?

  Encouraged greater financial investment in children
• What laws reinforce the idea of childhood as a separate life stage?

  Laws restricting age for buying alcohol and cigarettes
• What does Postman believe about the future of childhood?

  It is disappearing due to media access
• What is Opie's argument regarding childhood?

  Childhood is not disappearing; it has a separate culture
• How does Jenks view childhood in postmodern society?

  Childhood is changing, not disappearing
• What does Lee suggest about the social construction of childhood?

  It is changing as adults become more child-like
• What does the march of progress view argue about children's status?

  It has steadily improved over the centuries
• What do conflict sociologists criticize about the march of progress view?

  It ignores important inequalities among children
• What gender inequality did Hillman identify regarding childhood?

  Boys have more freedom than girls
• What did Brannen's study reveal about ethnicity and childhood?

  Aisan parents are stricter with daughters
• How does social class affect childhood according to the study?

  Poor mothers have low birth weight babies
• What do child liberationists advocate for?

  Freeing children from adult control
• What term does Gittins use to describe inequalities between adults and children?

  Age patriarchy
• What does Palmer mean by 'toxic childhood'?

  Negative impacts from rapid cultural changes
• What negative trends did Margo and Dixon report about UK youth?

  High rates of obesity and self-harm
• How do negative trends in childhood affect different social classes?

  Not all children are equally affected
• What does the new sociology of childhood focus on?

  Children's own meanings of their experiences
• What did Smart find about children in divorce situations?

  Children actively engage in improving situations
• What do child liberationists favor in studying childhood?

  Giving voice to children's experiences