"Millions and millions and millions of Eva + John smiths

• Analysis

  Priestley uses the phrase "millions and millions and millions" to emphasize the vastness of social inequality and the systemic exploitation of the working class. Eva Smith is a symbol representing the working class, with her plight illustrating how the upper classes exploit those beneath them. The repetition of "millions" stresses the widespread and repetitive nature of this exploitation, drawing attention to the countless lives affected. This constructs Eva as a lens through which we see the behaviour and moral failings of other characters in the play.
• Alternative interpretation

  Beyond representing the working class, Eva symbolizes the struggles of the female workforce specifically. Priestley’s focus on Eva Smith, as opposed to "John Smiths," emphasises women’s systemic exploitation and lack of agency during this period. In 1945, women had gained the vote, but in 1912, they had no political voice. By highlighting Eva’s plight, Priestley is urging the women of 1945 to reject the oppressive systems of the past and embrace change, symbolized by voting for a Labour government that supports a socialist society.
• Themes

  Social Responsibility: The collective reference to "millions" underscores the interconnectedness of society, emphasising the responsibility of individuals to address systemic injustice. 

  Exploitation and Patriarchy: Eva's exploitation highlights how women, especially those from the working class, were doubly victimised by capitalism and male-dominated systems.

  Historical Change and Feminism: Priestley connects Eva's suffering to the broader historical context, urging the 1945 audience to reject the inequalities that led to two world wars and to embrace a socialist future.
• Writers intention

  Priestley uses Eva’s symbolic role to critique the oppressive systems of capitalism and patriarchy, urging the audience to reflect on their complicity in perpetuating inequality. His focus on women, particularly in 1945, is strategic; women, forming a larger voting block due to the loss of men during the wars, were key to enacting social and political change. Through Eva, Priestley seeks to educate his audience, encouraging them to vote for systemic reform and prevent history from repeating itself.