Cognitive Approaches:

• What are the learning objectives of Lecture 8 on Cognitive Behavioural Approaches?

  To describe principles of conditioning and explain their role in anxiety disorders and OCD.
• What are the basic principles of classical and operant conditioning?

  • Classical conditioning involves learning through association.
  • Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences.

  
• How do classical and operant conditioning principles relate to anxiety disorders and OCD?

  They account for the acquisition and maintenance of these conditions through learned behaviors.

  
• What are the goals and processes of Behaviour Therapy?

  • Change observable and current behaviors.
  • Target symptoms rather than causes.
  • Set specific and measurable goals.
• What are some key therapeutic techniques used in Behaviour Therapy?

  • Systematic desensitization
  • Exposure therapy
  • Reinforcement interventions
• When did the origins of behavioural models occur?

  In the 1950s and 60s.
• How can behavioural principles be applied to clinical problems?

  They can be used to address and modify learned patterns of behavior associated with clinical issues.
• What are symptoms considered in the context of behavioural models?

  Symptoms are viewed as learned patterns of behavior.
• What are the three generations of behavioural therapy?

  1. Traditional/radical Behavioural Therapy
  2. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
  3. ‘Third wave’ Behavioural Therapy
• Who is Ivan Pavlov and what is he known for?

  Pavlov is known for his work on classical conditioning.
• What does classical conditioning involve?

  It involves instinctive and reflexive responses to stimuli.
• What behavior did Pavlov base his classical conditioning research on?

  Salivary reflex behavior in dogs.
• What is an Unconditioned Stimulus (US) in classical conditioning?

  A biologically important stimulus that elicits a reflexive response.
• What is an Unconditioned Response (UR)?

  A reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus.
• What is a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?

  A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a learned response after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.
• What is a Conditioned Response (CR)?

  A learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus.
• What are the stages of classical conditioning as demonstrated by Pavlov's dogs?

  1. US (food) elicits UR (salivation).
  2. CS (bell) initially elicits no response.
  3. During conditioning, CS (bell) is paired with US (food).
  4. After conditioning, CS (bell) elicits CR (salivation).

  
• Who is John B. Watson and what is his contribution to psychology?

  Watson is known for promoting behaviorism and studying animal and human behavior on the same plane.
• What is the emphasis of the new psychology according to Watson?

  The emphasis is on objective behavior rather than internal processes.
• What was the focus of the 'Little Albert' experiment?

  It applied conditioning to a child to study fear responses.
• What was Little Albert's initial reaction to rats before the experiment?

  He had no fear of rats and played with them happily.
• What did Little Albert learn to associate with rats during the conditioning process?

  He learned to associate rats with feelings of fear.
• How did Alex's childhood experiences contribute to her claustrophobia?

  • US: Experiences from childhood (e.g., dark room, lost in a crowd).
  • UR: Anxiety.
  • CS: Any enclosed space.
  • CR: Learned anxiety from claustrophobia.
• Who is B.F. Skinner and what is his contribution to psychology?

  Skinner is known for his work on operant conditioning and the importance of consequences in learning.
• What are the two basic principles of classical and operant conditioning that the lecture aims to describe?

  The acquisition and maintenance of anxiety disorders and OCD

  
• What are the two main goals of Behaviour Therapy described in the lecture?

  1. Change observable and current behaviours, 2. Treat symptoms rather than causes
• When did the origins of behavioural models begin?

  1950s/60s
• How do behavioural principles differ from the prevailing treatments and perspectives at the time?

  They depart from medications/physical treatments and the introspective psychoanalytic perspective
• What is the view of behavioural models about symptoms?

  Symptoms are learned patterns of behaviour
• How many generations of behavioural therapy are described in the lecture?

  3
• What are the two key components of classical conditioning according to Pavlov?

  Instincts and reflexes
• What is an unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning?

  A biologically important stimulus which elicits a reflexive response
• What is an unconditioned response (UR) in classical conditioning?

  The reflexive response elicited by the US
• What is a conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning?

  A previously neutral stimulus which elicits a learned response after pairing with the US
• What is a conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning?

  The learned response elicited by the CS
• What is the unconditioned response (UR) in Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs?

  The dog starts salivating when he sees food
• What is the conditioned stimulus (CS) in Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs?

  Ringing a bell

  
• What is the conditioned response (CR) that the dogs developed in Pavlov's experiment?

  The dogs would salivate in anticipation of being fed, even if the bell wasn't paired with food
• What was John B. Watson's view on the behaviour of animals and humans?

  They must be considered on the same plane
• What were the two key differences between the 'old' and 'new' psychology according to Watson?

  Old psychology was subjective and used introspection, while new psychology was objective and used behaviourism