14,15,16. organic synthesis, NMR, chromatography

• Why is organic synthesis important for chemists?

  It helps in making drugs and substances
• What are the key elements of organic synthesis discussed in the video?

  • Reaction mechanisms
  • Reagents and conditions
  • Practice and repetition
• What is the reagent used to convert alcohol to aldehyde?

  Potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid
• What is the process to convert aldehyde to alcohol?

  Use sodium borohydride in methanol
• What is the oxidizing agent for converting aldehyde to carboxylic acid?

  Potassium dichromate
• What conditions are required to convert alcohol to ketone?

  Potassium dichromate, sulfuric acid, and heat
• What is the reagent for converting ketone to alcohol?

  Sodium borohydride in methanol
• What is the reagent used to convert alcohol to alkene?

  Concentrated sulfuric acid and heat
• What is the condition for converting alkene to alcohol?

  Steam and phosphoric acid catalyst
• What is the reagent for converting alcohol to haloalkane?

  Sodium halide and sulfuric acid
• What is the reagent for converting alkane to haloalkane?

  Halogen and UV light
• What is the condition for converting alkyne to alkane?

  Hydrogen and nickel catalyst at 150°C
• What are the key considerations for chemists in organic synthesis?

  • Cost-effectiveness
  • Safety
  • Environmental impact
  • Low toxicity of starting materials
  • Waste reduction
• What is the purpose of solvents in chemical reactions?

  To help the reaction proceed
• Why do chemists minimize the use of solvents?

  To reduce toxicity and waste
• What is NMR spectroscopy used for?

  • Determine the structure of a molecule
  • Used in chemistry and medicine (MRI)
• What does NMR stand for?

  Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
• How is NMR related to medicine?

  It is used as MRI in medicine
• What are the types of spectroscopy mentioned in the video?

  • Infrared spectroscopy
  • Mass spectrometry
  • Chromatography
  • NMR spectroscopy
• What type of spectroscopy is NMR spectroscopy?

  It is a type of nuclear magnetic resonance.
• What does NMR spectroscopy help determine?

  It helps determine the structure of a molecule.
• How is NMR used in medicine?

  It is used as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
• How does NMR differ from other types of spectroscopy?

  NMR uniquely determines molecular structure.
• What are the two main types of NMR for AQA?

  Carbon-13 NMR and Proton NMR
• What does Carbon-13 NMR analyze?

  It analyzes how carbon atoms are arranged.
• What does Proton NMR analyze?

  It analyzes how hydrogen atoms are arranged.
• What is required for an atomic nucleus to have a nuclear spin?

  It must have an odd number of nucleons.
• What does the nuclear spin create?

  A weak magnetic field.
• How does NMR detect magnetic fields?

  It detects how magnetic fields are affected.
• What happens to nucleons without an external magnetic field?

  They spin in random directions.
• What occurs when an external magnetic field is applied?

  Nucleons align with or against the field.
• Which nucleons have lower energy when aligned with the magnetic field?

  Nucleons spinning with the magnetic field.
• What does NMR emit after exciting nucleons?

  Energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
• What does NMR measure?

  The amount of energy absorbed.
• What influences the energy gap in NMR?

  The atoms bonded to the nucleus.
• What is the shielding effect in NMR?

  Electrons surrounding the nucleus protect it.
• How do electronegative elements affect shielding?

  They pull electrons away, reducing shielding.
• What determines how nuclei absorb energy in NMR?

  The environment surrounding the nuclei.
• What must atoms be bonded to for the same environment in NMR?

  They must be identical atoms or groups.
• How does symmetry relate to carbon NMR environments?

  Symmetrical atoms are in the same environment.