2.8

• Water moves by osmosis
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
• Large quantities of water can't diffuse across the membrane, it moves via aquaporins
• Osmolarity is the total solute concentration(amount of solute dissolved, think amount of kool-aid powder in a glass of kool-aid) in a solution
• Water has high solvency abilities
• Solute is the substance being dissolved (Think lemonade, kool-aid, hot cocoa powder)
• Solvent is the substance that dissolves a solute (The water used to dissolved the lemonade, kool-aid, or hot cocoa)
• Solution is the solute and solvent combined
• Tonicity is the measurement of the concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell (how much water is inside the cell)
• There are multiple types of tonicity they are, Hypertonic, Isotonic, Hypotonic
• Hypertonic - More solute and less solvent (More lemonade mix than water)
• Isotonic - Equal concentrations of solute and solvent (Equal portions water and lemonade mix)
• Hypotonic - Less solute and more solvent (More water than lemonade mix)
• Water will diffuse out of a hypotonic environment to a hypertonic
• Solutes diffuse from a hypertonic environment (high concentration) to a hypotonic (lower concentration) environment
• In plant cells osmoregulation maintains water balance by controlling the movement of water into and out of the cell
• Plant Cells in hypertonic (more lemonade mix than water) environments have shrunken vacuoles(Plasmolyzed) and Animal Cells shrivel up
• Plant cells in Hypotonic environments(more water than lemonade mix) have swollen vacuoles (Turgid) that push against the cell wall and animal cells burst (Lysed)
• Plant cell walls prevent the swollen vacuoles from making the cell burst in hypotonic solutions(more water than lemonade)
• Being turgid is the optimum state for plant cells and plant cells only (animal cells will burst when turgid)
• The are multiple types of Graphs, Line, XY, Bar, Box, and Dual Y graphs. Also Histograms and Box and Whisker plots
• Line Graphs reveal progress over time for multiple groups
• X Y Graphs determine a relationship between two different things
• Histograms show how values in a data set are distributed across equal intervals
• Bar graphs compare multiple groups to each other
• Box and Whisker Plots show the variability in a sample
• Dual Y graphs illustrate the relationship between two dependent variables
• Water potential measures how likely water will diffuse
• Water potential is calculated from pressure and solute potential.

  
• The values for water potential can be positive, negative, or zero
• The more negative the WP(water potential) the more likely water will move to that area (Fictional scenario: Soil has a WP of 2 and the Roots of a plant has a WP of -5, water will move to the roots)
• The WP(water potential) of pure water is zero in an open container