Ethics

• what are ethics?

  the desirable standards of behavior we use towards others
• who do ethics apply to?

  animals and humans
• what does CDRIP stand for?

  confidentiality, deception, right to withdraw, informed consent and protection from harm
• what is confidentiality?

  the Ps results and any personal info should remain confidential, unless ps have agreed that the info can be read by the public
• what is lack of confidentiality?

  the Ps personal data has been exposed to the public without consent
• when should Ps be told about confidentiality?

  during the brief and debrief the Ps should be informed that their info will be kept private and anonymous so others cannot identify them
• how is confidentiality kept?

  no names, addresses, etc. will be used and they will not tell anyone the Ps results
• what is deception?


  Ps should not be lied to about the true aim of the research.
• what does deception mean?

  deliberately misleading or withholding info from the Ps in the investigation
• when should deception be used

  1. only in exceptional circumstances
  2. there is no other way of carrying out the procedure
• what is right to withdraw?

  Ps should be told they have the right to withdraw from a study at any point
• do the Ps have the right to withdraw their data

  Yes
• what does it mean when there is a lack of right to withdraw?

  the Ps may feel that they cannot leave the study for some reason
• when can the Ps withdraw 


  before, during and after the study
• when is right to withdraw mentioned in the debrief?

  in the debrief you must ask the Ps if it is ok to use their results
• what should be done with results if a Ps withdraws?

  you must reassure them that you won't use their results and destroy them as soon as possible
• what is informed consent?

  researcher must attempt to get real consent from Ps
• what is real consent?

  when Ps fully understand what they are agreeing to do
• where is consent from a child gains from?

  a parent
• where is consent from a adult with impairments gains from?

  from a person who would know if the person would wish to take part
• what is a lack of informed consent?

  means that the Ps have not been told enough about the study to make an informed decision weather to take part or not
• what is protection from harm?

  Ps should be protected from physical and psychological harm
• what should the Ps be at no risk of during the study?

  being exposed to any risk they would not normally encounter in everyday life
• what should the researcher do if harm occurs

  attempt to rectify this eg referring Ps to a professional for advise
• what should be mentioned in the brief

  • introduction of yourself
  • a brief description of the study (not revealing the hypothesis)
  • assure ps of confidentiality and that their name and results will be kept confidential
  • explain they will come to no harm
  • they can withdraw at any point
  • ask their consent to take part in the study and sign a concent form
• when is the brief

  before the ps takes part in the study and gives breif details about what the study is about
• what issues does the brief cover

  1. informed consent
  2. psychological harm
  3. right to withdraw
  4. confidentiality
• what should the ps be issued before the study

  a consent letter or form detailing all relevant info that may affect their decision to take part
• who consents for a 16 year old to take part in a study

  parents
• what is presumptive consent

  a similar group of people are asked if the study is acceptable and if this group agrees then consent of the original ps is presumed
• what are standardized instructions

  ensure that all ps who take part in a study are given the same clear, verbal or written instructions
• what to standardized instructions do?

  let all ps know what you want them to do during the study
• how can standardised instructions be written

  in bullet point or stages
• what tense could standardised instructions be in

  present tense
• when is the debrief

  after the study
• what should the debrief include

  • thanking the ps for taking part
  • reveal your hypothesis
  • reveal other conditions
  • ask if they want to withdraw their result or if they can be used
  • assure ps of confidentiality
  • ask if they have any further questions
• what issues does the debrief cover

  all issues
• what is the ethical committees

  a board of expert and ordinary people who check the ethical issues of proposed research
• what do the ethical committees do

  weight up the values of the research against the ethical problems
• what is the committees job of weighting up values called

  a cost- benefit analysis